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•Maximum efficiencies
achieved on laboratory cells
•Source: Solar efficiency tables, Progress in MultiCr-Si CIS/CIGSe CdTea-Si/µ-Si a-Si
PV, Vol. 18, 346-352 (2010)
Best Polysilicon Technologies
Multicrystalline Si solar cells 13 - 15 % Wafer sawing necessary. Most important production procedure at least for the next ten years.
Lower efficency than monocrystalline solar cells. Attractive solar cells for different BIPV
Polycrystalline transparent Si solar cells 10%
applications.
EFG (Edge Defined Film fed Growth) 14% Limited use of this production procedure Very fast crystal growth, no wafer sawing neccesary
Limited use of this production procedure, no wafer sawing necessary. Decrease in production
Polycrystalline ribbon Si solar cells 12%
costs expected in the future.
Production procedure used only by one producer, no wafer sawing, production in form of band
Apex (polycrystaline Si) solar cells 9,5 %
possible. Significant decrease in production costs expected in the future.
Monocrystaline dendritic web Si solar cells 13% Limited use of this production procedure, no wafer sawing, production in form of band possible.
Amorphous silicon 5-8% Lower efficiency, shorter life span. No sawing necessary, possible production in the form of band.
Module
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) Poisonous raw materials, significant decrease in production costs expected in the future.
6-9%
Module
Copper-Indium-Diselenide (CIS) Limited Indium supply in nature. Significant decrease in production costs possible in the future.
7.5 – 9.5 %
Impurities
(Metals, Carbon, P&B)
Best Polysilicon Technologies
Hydrochlorination TCS
Al Powder
Li/Na
H2
Metal
Alkyl
Production
CaF2
Si SiF4 Silane Silane Polysilicon
H2SO4 Production Production Purification FBR/Siemens Polysilicon
Na(Li)AlF4 in
Solvent
Na(Li)AlF4
Best Polysilicon Technologies
• SiF4 produced from H2SiF6 (proven) or from CaF2/NaAlF4 reacted with H2SO4
in a rotary kiln (in development)
• SiF4 reacted with metal (Na/Li) aluminum alkyl to produce Silane gas
HCl
TCS STC
STC Storage Polysilicon
HCl Production
Fumed STC
Silica
Best Polysilicon Technologies
• Initially dominant demands were for the production of derivative silanes and
fumed silica.
• Typically HCl and MGSi are reacted in a fluid bed reactor to produce TCS at
approximately 300 deg C and 2 to 4 barg pressure.
• STC recovered from the polysilicon reactors is used for fumed silica production.
Chlorides
TCS TCS CVD
Hydrogen Production Purification
Siemens
MG Silicon Hydrochlorination
Impurities
Neutral/Safe Solids
Best Polysilicon Technologies
Chlorides
Impurities
(Neutral/Safe Solids)
Best Polysilicon Technologies
PRIMARY REACTIONS
Hydrochlorination (SILANE)