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m

  
   
The main function of nervous system  


 

    
 

   
   

   

    

   


  
m

  
   
The base of nervous system activity is
   
 

Reflex ± is a reaction of our organism to

various outside and inside effects. It is
provided by nervous system.
 Reflex consists of:
afferent part (which accepts information)
central part (that keeps information)
efferent part (that creates response).

As a result we have a circle ± like structure

- receptor (primary information centre) ±
programme centre ± executive apparatus.
 Reflexes are divided into:

simple and complex

inborn and trained

conditioned and unconditioned

 
    
They are inborn ones
They are phylogenetically old, that means they
were formed in course of phylogenesis
They are based on certain anatomic structures
(segments of spinal cord or brain stem)
They exist even without brain cortex influence
They are inherited
They can be regulated by brain cortex
They are basis for the conditioned reflexes
 Ê    
They are the result of the individual experience
and are formed during ontogenesis
They are unstable, that means they need
constant support
They aren¶t based on certain anatomic
structures
They are fixed in brain cortex

There are such conditioned reflexes as speaking,

writing, reading, calculation, practice
nconditioned reflexes are divided
into:
Superficial and deep
Simple and complex
Proprioceptive (stretch, periosteal, joint)
Exteroceptive (dermal, from mucose
membrane)
Interoceptive (from mucose membrane of
internal organs ± for example urination in
case of internal sphincter irritation)
    
Provides conduction of nervous impulse
from brain cortex to muscles.
The way of this impulse is known as
 or 














 ..
It consists of two neurons:
central
peripheral
 Paralysis is divided into:
Central (spastic)
Peripheral (flaccid)
Ê  or spastic paralysis is caused by the
lesion of central neuron and its fibers (tr.
corticospinalis or tr. corticonuclearis).
    or flaccid paralysis is caused by
the lesion of peripheral neuron (tractus
spinomuscularis or tractus
nucleomuscularis).
 m 
 
  

   
ð. It is a diffuse paralysis
2. There is spastic hypertonus of muscles
3. Hyperreflexion of stretch and periostal reflexes
4. There are pathologic reflexes. They are
considered to be reliable signs of central
paralysis

         

 

 !  is
  is involuntary
movements in paralysed extremity
Spastic hypertonus features:
Tonus is increased in the group of flexors
in upper extremities and in the group of
extensors in lower extremities
³clasp ± knife³ symptom
in course of evaluation tonus decreases
 mlexing pathological reflexes
_
  

  

 
  
  
Extension pathological reflexes
Extension pathological reflexes
Synkinesis are divided into:
Global
Coordinatory
Imitating
 
   

  
_
  
 This is simply a muscle-
muscle-stretch reflex of bending
of fingers obtained by tapping the back of hand with a reflex
hammer.
  
This
  
 This is caused by hammer impact on a palm under
fingers; response is reflex flexing of II-
II-V fingers.
   
  : : This is simply a muscle-
muscle-stretch
reflex obtained by tapping the palmar surfaces of the fingers with a
reflex hammer; the response is reflex flexing of II- II-V fingers.
    This
This is simply a muscle-
muscle-stretch reflex obtained by
tapping the palmar surfaces of the nail-
nail-phalax of II ± V fingers. The
response is fingers flexing.

      This is caused by hammer impact on
processus styloideus; the response is reflex flexing of II- II-V fingers.
 ! 
     This is caused by passive bending of II ± V
fingers. The response is thumb flexing.
Central paralysis
 m 
      
ð. Areflexion or hyporeflexion
2. Atonia or hypotonia
3. Muscular atrophy
4. masciculation of muscles
5. It is limited paralysis
6. There is reaction of degeneration.
Types of gate:
 ]   
ð. The lesion of anterior central gyrus
monoplegia (or monoparesis) on the opposite side. If the focus is
situated in upper part of anterior central gyrus, paralysis of lower
extremity occurs.
If it is in middle part of anterior central gyrus, we can observe
paralysis of upper extremity.
If it is in lower one, face suffers.
In case of anterior central gyrus irritation Motor Jackson takes place.
Motor Jackson is a set of local seizures that can cause generalized
seizures.
2. The lesion of radiate crown
central hemiplegia on the opposite side (that means that arm, leg,
lower mimic muscles and tongue muscles are involved). Paralysis
can dominates in lower extremity,in upper extremity or in face
muscles
Besides hemianesthesia can join hemiplegia.
 ]   
The lesion of internal capsule part of motor way
hemiplegia on the opposite side, central paresis of
tongue muscles and lower mimic muscles
Hemihypesthesia often joins all the other symptoms.
Vernike ± Mann posture is typical for this lesion.
Hemianopsia
4. The lesion of brain stem
alternating syndrome-
syndrome- central paralysis on the opposite
side and peripheral paralysis of face muscles on the side
of lesion. The last are divided into peduncle, pontine and
bulbar ones.
5. The lesion of pyramidal decussation part of motor way
central paralysis of upper extremity on the side of lesion
and paralysis of lower extremity on the opposite side.
Sometimes tetraplegia or triplegia is observed.
 ]   
6. The lesion of motor way in lateral funiculus of spinal cord
central paralysis below the level Cð-
Cð-C4, C5C5--Thð, Thð
Thð-- Thð2, Lð-
Lð-S2
7. The lesion of anterior horns or motor nucleus of CNs
peripheral paralysis of certain muscles with fasciculation of muscles.
Also there are early atrophy and degenerative reaction.
8. Anterior roots lesion
peripheral paralysis. In most of cases it is observed only when
several roots are damaged.
9. The lesion of nerve plexus
peripheral paralysis , pain, sensory and autonomic disturbances
ð . The lesion of peripheral nerve
peripheral paralysis of the muscle , innervated by this nerve, pain,
sensory and autonomic disturbances.