•Introduction to IT Concepts,Architecture

and Infrastructure

•Types of Information System

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 1.1 Information Systems: Concepts
and Definitions
 Data Item. Elementary description of things,
events, activities and transactions that are recorded,
classified and stored but are not organized to
convey any specific meaning.
 Information. Data organized so that they have
meaning and value to the recipient.

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 Binary: The binary numeral system, or base-2 number
system, represents numeric values using two symbols, 0
and 1.

ASCII: It stands for American Standard Code for

Information Interchange. Computers can only understand
numbers, so an ASCII code is the numerical
representation of a character such as 'a' or '@' or an
action of some sort

An integrated circuit (also known as IC, microcircuit,

microchip, silicon chip, or chip) is a miniaturized
electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices,
as well as passive components) that has been manufactured in
the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material.
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World Wide Web : abbreviated as WWW and commonly
known as the Web, is a system of interlinked hypertext
documents accessed via the Internet.

Router is a device or, in some cases, software in a computer,

that determines the next network point to which a packet should
be forwarded toward its destination

Charts, Diagrams: Representation of branching and

information flow by graphical means

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 Information Systems:
Architecture

 Information Technology Architecture. A

high-level map or plan of the information
assets in an organization, which guides
current operations and is a blueprint for
future directions.

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What sort of framework is necessary
for the IT Architecture?
A comprehensive view of an IT
Architecture specifies (1) policies and
(2) principles that indicate direction, and
(3) services and common solutions, (4)
standards and guidelines, and (5)
products that detail the means of
implementation .
The framework for the IT Architecture
is that of a cube sliced into five sections
or layers from back to front. Each
section or layer represents a type of
architectural specification from the
most general IT policy layer at the back
of the cube to the most specific product
layer at the front of the cube. 6
There are relationships between the various layers. For
example, the services that institutions provide are guided
by the man made policies of the institutions in which the
services are provided. An institution will have documented
a number of these policies with information technology
implications. Those policies are best implemented if some
very basic information technology principles are adhered
to. Continuing along the specification spectrum, one of the
best ways to insure that IT principles are adhered to, is to
reach consensus on a set of standards and guidelines so
that the products we buy or build will be architecturally
consistent.

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For example:
A college has some policies like college will be open from
9-5.If we have an IT Lab it will have to follow that. IT
Lab should have some principles to follow. Like: How to
use the machines and their limitations. According to the
policies the Lab will give service to the college students .
Some standards and guidelines will be followed while
purchasing the products. Like the Hardware configuration
or the type of software.

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 What is the purpose of the IT Architecture?
The purpose of the IT Architecture is to guide the process of
planning, acquiring, building, modifying, interfacing and
deploying IT resources throughout the Department.

What are some of the key benefits of an IT Architecture?

It will help to ensure interoperability inside and outside the
Department.
It's a way to inform developers of Department directions.
It will help in making planning, development and purchase
decisions.
It will be useful in aligning information technology providers for
the Department.
It is a way to communicate direction (and changes) both inside and
outside the Department.
It will reduce the maintenance and support requirements.
It will help in planning migration to new technologies
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 Information Systems:
Infrastructure

 Information Technology Infrastructure.

The physical facilities, IT components, IT
services and IT management that support an
entire organization.

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 1.2 Types of Information Systems

 Information Systems that support specific

functional areas and operations include:
 Functional Area Information System
 Transaction Processing System (TPS)
 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System
 Interorganizational Information System
 Electronic Commerce Systems

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 Types of Information Systems
(Continued)

 Functional area information systems or

departmental information systems
 Function: Support the activities within specific
functional areas.
 Example: System for processing payroll.

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 Types of Information Systems
(Continued)
 Transaction processing system (TPS)
 Function: Process transaction data from business events.
 Example: Paying a utility bill from your bank .
 Enterprise Resource Planning System (ERP)
 Function: Integrate all functional areas of the
organization.
 Example: SAP(Systems, Applications and Products in
Data Processing)

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 Types of Information Systems
(Continued)
 Interorganizational information systems (IOS) are
information systems that connect two or more organizations
and support interorganizational operations such as supply
chain management.
 Function: Manage flows of products, services and information
among organizations.
 Supply chain describes the flow of materials, information, money
and services from raw material suppliers through factories and
warehouses to the end customers.

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 Types of Information Systems
(Continued)
 Electronic Commerce Systems
 Function: Enable transactions among
organizations and between organizations and
customers.
 Business-to-Business (B2B)-it describes
commerce transactions between businesses, such
as between a manufacturer and a wholesaler, or
between a wholesaler and a retailer.

Business-to-Consumer (B2C)- it describes activities

of businesses serving end consumers with products
and/or services.
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An example of a B2C transaction would be a person buying a
pair of shoes from a retailer. The transactions that led to the
shoes being available for purchase, that is the purchase of the
leather, laces, rubber, etc. as well as the sale of the shoe from the
shoemaker to the retailer would be considered (B2B)
transactions

Some businesses may operate as both B2B and B2C

businesses. For example, a day care business may be open
to the public but may also provide special arrangements to
care for the children of employees of a local business as a
group.

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