V Vit are organic, essential nutrients

required in tiny amounts to perform

specific functions that promote growth,
reproduction, or the maintenance of
health & life
V Vita - life; amine ² containing nitrogen
V ` The vit differ from fats, carbs & protein in:
{ ©
 

Vit are individual unit, they are not linked
together
{ × 
Vit do not yield energy; they assist the
enzyme that release energy from carbs,
fats & protein
{ ×  
measured in micrograms or milligrams
(mg)rather than grams (g)
V Vit can be categorized based on their
solubility
{ Vit A, D, E, & K are lipid like molecules that
are soluble in fats
{ Vit B & C are soluble in water
V ater soluble vit are absorbed in the
intestinal cell & delivered directly to the
bloodstream
V Fat soluble vit are absorbed with fat
V FSV accumulate in the liver & adipose
tissue where they can be upon in times
of need. Excessive intake of FSV can
lead to toxicity
V Our body does not store most SV in
appreciable amount., so they should be
part of our daily diet.
V Excessive intake SV can also be
harmful (e.g., vit B6 overdose ²
permanent damage)
V Vit A
V Vit D
V Vit E
V Vit K
V Form of vit A
{ The body uses 3 active forms of vit A
¦ etinol
¦ etinal
¦ etinoic Acid
V Storage & transport of vit A
{ 0ivers stores 90% of vit A, the reminder ² adipose
tissue, lungs & kidney
{ The body store vit A primarily as retinyl esters
{ etinol-binding protein (BP) carries retinol
released by the liver
V Functions of Vit A
{ Vision
¦ Vit A is an integral part of the visual cycle that
allows us to see (color images, light)
{ Cell differentiation
¦ etinoic acid works with DNA to differentiate
stem cells into different cell type
{ ºmmunity
¦ Vit A helps maintain healthy mucus
membranes and it supports the generation of
lymphocytes
V ` Functions of Vit A
{ eproduction
¦ etinol & retinal support sperm production &
fertility
{ Ñrowth
¦ All forms of vit A re essential fro proper bone
growth
V Sources of vit A
{ Animal form (preformed vit A) ² retinol 10%,
retinylesters 90%
¦ E.g., liver, cod liver oils, milk fat (whole milk,
butter other dairy products)
{ Plant form (provitamin A)- betacarotene,
carotenoids
¦ E.g., dark green & yellow orange vegetables ²
carrot, spinach, broccoli, peaches, apricots &
mango
V Vit A deficiency
{ Eyes
¦ Childhood blindness, night blindness
{ Skin
¦ ÿyperkeratosis or ´goose fleshµ
¦ ough & bumpy skin
{ Other Epithelial Cells
¦ ºnfection ² mouth, respiratory tract, urinary tract,
female genital tract
¦ ÿalt the production of sperm in men & infertility in
women
¦ 0oss of taste & smell ² loss appetite & weight
V Vit A deficiency
{ ºmmune Function
¦ educe the number of T-lymphocytes
(important to immune cells) & compromises
their ability to mount immune response
{ Ñrowth & Other Effects
¦ etards growth & development & lead to
bone deformities
¦ Teeth may be thin & kidney stone may occur
V Vit A Toxicity
{ Vit a toxicity can be fatal
¦ Symptom
¦ Fatigue, vomiting, abdominal pain, bone & joint pain,
loss of appetite, skin disorders, headache, blurred or
double vision, liver damage
{ The U0 for vit a is 3000 micrograms per day
V ëajor carotenoids are alpha-carotene,
betacarotene, lutein, zeaxanthin,
cryptoxanthin & lycopene

V Common carotenoids ² yellow-orange

pigment (cantaloupe, carrots & squash)
V Functions
{ Antioxidant
¦ Prevent free radical damage
{ Vision
¦ 0utein & zeaxanthin are linked to normal macular
function
{ Cancer
¦ Beta-carotene and lycopene are believed to play
a role in cancer prevention
{ ÿeart Disease
¦ Carotenoid & beta-carotene rich diets are
associated with a lower risk of heart disease.
V Absorption & Storage
{ ºntestinal cells convert most carotenoids to
vit A. These cells package carotenoids & vit
A in chylomicrons & export them to the
lymph system
{ The liver & adipose tissue are the primary
carotenoid storage sites, but the kidney,
adrenal glands & other fatty tissue also
contain carotenoids
V Sources
{ Beta carotene ² apricots, cantaloupe,
carrots, leafy green vegetables, pumpkin,
sweet potatoes, & winter squash
{ Alpha carotene ² carrot & pumpkins
{ 0utein & zeaxanthin ² leafy green
vegetables, pumpkin & red pepper
{ 0ycopene ² guava, pink grapefruit,
tomatoes & watermelon
{ Cryptoxanthin ² mangoes, orange, papaya,
peaches & tangerines
V Forms & formation
{ Vit D can be considered either a vit or a
hormone
{ The active part of vit D is like a hormone as it
is made in one part of the body & regulates
activities in other parts
{ Ten compounds ² vit D1-D10 exhibits
antirachitic properties (prevent rickets ²
childhood bone disease)
V Forms & formation
{ ëost important compounds are D2
(ergocalciferol ² plant food) and D3
(cholecalciferol ² animal food)
{ ºn the skin, UV radiation from the sun
converts a cholesterol derivative (7-
dehydrocholesterol) to cholecalciferol,
which then enters the bloodstream and
travel to the liver
V Functions
{ egulate blood calcium level
¦ Calcitriol enhances the absorption of calcium &
phosphorus in the small intestine
{ Bone
¦ Calcitriol assists parathyroid hormone in stimulating
osteoclasts to break down bone & release calcium
into the blood, Calcitriol also controls the rate of
bone calcification
{ Cell differentiation
¦ Vit D receptors are found in a variety of other
tissues. Vit D is believed to inhibits cell proliferation
& enhance cell differentiation activity
V Dietary ecommendations
{ Aº for infants & children (birth to 18 years) ² 5
micrograms/day
{ Aº for men & women (age 19 to 50 years) ² 5
microgram/day
{ Aº for people (age 51 to 70 years) ² 10
microgram/day
{ Aº for people older than 70 years ² 15
microgram/day
V Sources
{ Sunlight & vit D synthesis
¦ Expose your hands, face, arms to the sun
about 1/3 to 1/2 the time it would take you to
burn. epeat this exposure 2 to 3 time s week.
{ Dietary source
¦ E.g., oily fish (salmon, sardines), cod liver oil,
egg yolk, butter, liver
V Vit D Deficiency
{ ickets & Osteomalacia
¦ Bones weaken & skeleton fails to harden.
¦ Children ² rickets (bowed legs, or knocked
knees & other skeletal deformities)
¦ Adults ² Osteomalacia or ´soft boneµ (risk of
fractures in the hip & spine & other bone)
{ Osteoporosis
¦ ºncreased bone turnover, density & risk of
fractures
V ho is at risks?
{ People with sunscreen, full dress
{ Northern region ² winter, short daylight, weak
sunlight
V Vit D toxicity
{ ÿypercalcemia ² hampers kidney ability to
concentrate urine, causing excessive urination &
thirst. CNS affected causing depressive illness ²
nausea, vomiting & loss of appetite
{ 0oss of bone mass ² increase level of calcitriol
pull calcium from bones to the bloodstream
V Forms of vit E
{ 2 sets of 4 compounds each:
¦ Tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, beta)
¦ Tocotrienols (alpha, beta, gamma, beta)
{ Alpha-tocopherol is the most common form of
vit E in food
{ Travel via chylomicrons & other lipoproteins for
distribution throughout the body
{ Ѻ tract absorbs 20-80% alpha-tocopherol
{ Unlike vit A & D, vit E does not accumulate in the
liver. Adipose tissue contains 90& vit E in the
body (10% - cell membrane)
V Functions ² act as antioxidant
{ Stabilize cell membranes & defend against free
radical attack
{ Protects lungs against oxidative damage from
environmental contaminants
{ ëay help prevent cancer by protecting against
DNA mutations
{ ëay help prevent CV disease by protecting
against lipid peroxidation
{ ÿelps protect eye, liver, breast & muscle tissues.
ÿelp maintain beta-carotene antioxidant
activity
V Dietary ecommendation
{ DA (ë & ) ² 15 mg of alpha-tacopherol
{ Pregnant & lactating  ² 15 mmg of
alphatacopherol & 19 mg of alpha-
tocopherol
V Sources
{ heat germ oil, vegetable & seed oils
(safflower, cottonseed, sunflower),
margarine, salad dressing, nuts, seeds
{ Soybean & corn oil ² 10% alpha-tocopherol
V Vit E Deficiency
{ ÿemolysis ² breakdown of BC
{ ëost often seen in infants
{ ºn children & adults ² fat malabsorption
disorders cause neurological problems that
affect spinal cord & peripheral nerves.
V Vit E Toxicity
{ 0arge dosage can counters vit K blood
clotting mechanism
{ U0 ² 1000mg/day of alpha-tocopherol
V Forms
{ *uinones compounds include:
¦ Phylloquinone (K1) ² plant source
¦ ëenaquinones (K2) ² animal source
¦ ëenadione (Synkayvite & ÿykimone - K3)
{ Phylloquinone is the most active form
V Functions
{ Blood clotting
¦ Essential for many of the steps in blood clotting
cascade of reactions
V Bone
{ Needed fro the synthesis of the bone protein
osteocalcin (enhance its calcium binding
properties)
V Dietary ecommendations
{ DA for adult (under 45 years) ² 60 to 110
micrograms of phylloquinone/day
{ Adult (> 55 years)- 80 to 210 micrograms of
phylloquinone/day
{ Aº (adult males > 19)-120 micrograms
{ Aº (adult women > 19) ² 90 micrograms
V Sources
{ Ñreen leafy vegetables (spinach, turnip green,
broccoli, Brussels sprouts)
{ Vegetable oil (soybean, cottonseed, canola,
olive)
V Vit K Deficiency
{ People who suffer fat-malabsorption syndromes
(celiac disease, sprue, cystic fibrosis) cab
develop vit K deficiency.
{ ëegadoses of vit A & E counteract the action of
vit K
V Vit K Toxicity
{ Overdose ² hemolytic anemia
{ This condition has been seen in newborns
who receive vit K in the form of menadione,
rather than the recommended form,
phylloquinone
V Vit B
{ Thiamin (B1)
{ iboflavin (B2)
{ Niacin (B3)
{ Pantothenic acid
{ Biotin
{ Folate
{ B6
{ B12
V Vit C
V Act primarily as coenzymes (compounds
that enable specific enzymes to
function)
V ÿelps catalyze the working metabolic
pathways in cells
V Functions in energy producing metabolic
reaction & metabolic metabolism
V Also known as vit B1
V Thio ² sulfur; Amine ² nitrogen
V ÿeat easily break the bonds, so cooking
reduces food·s thiamin content
V Alkaline solution (pÿ of 8 or higher) also
breaks these bond
V Functions
{ Energy yield reactions
{ Thiamin is the vit portion of the coenzyme
thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP). TPP participate
in decarboxylation (remove carboxyl group
² COOOÿ, and release it as CO2)
V Nerve function
{ TPP helps synthesize & regulate
neurotransmitters
{ TPP helps to produce energy to fuel nerve
tissue
V Dietary ecommendations
{ DA ëen > 19 years - 1.2mg/day; omen
1.1mg/day
{ Pregnancy ² 1.4mg & lactation ² 1.5mg/day
V Sources
{ Pork & wheat germ ² richest food source
{ Sunflower seeds, legumes, watermelon, nuts
{ 0iver
{ hole grains products ²bread, pasta, rice,
cereals
V Deficiency
{ elated to heavy alcohol consumption
combined with limited food consumption
{ Alcoholics ² contributes calories without
contributing nutrients; alcohol interferes with
absorption of thiamin & many other vitamins
{ Poor & elderly ² deficiency risk
V Deficiency
{ Beri-beri ² muscle weakness, loss of appetite,
nerve degeneration
{ ernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome ² mental
confusion, staggering & constant rapid eyes
movements or paralysis of the eye muscle
V Toxicity
{ To date there are no report of thiamin
toxicity
{ No U0 has been set
V Called vit B2
V Flavin ² yellow
V ÿas 2 co enzymes
{ Flavin ëononucleotide (FëN)
{ Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)
V Functions
{ Energy metabolism
¦ Participate in metabolic pathways ² KC & Beta
oxidation pathway
¦ emove ammonia during deamination
V Dietary ecommendations
{ Adults aged > 19 ² 1.1mg/d (); 1.3mg/d (ë)
{ Pregnancy 1.4mg/d & lactation 1.6mg/d
V Sources
{ ëilk, milk drinks, yogurt
{ 0iver, kidney, mushroom, cottage cheese
{ ëore stable than thiamin & is resistant to acid,
heat & oxidation
{ Should be stored in opaque packages (paper or
plastic cartons) rather than glass
V iboflavin Deficiency
{ ÿigh risk group ² alcoholic, long term use of
barbiturate drugs (sedation, anesthesia),
cancer, heart disease & diabetes population
{ Ariboflavinosis ² sore throat, inflammation of
the tongue (glossitis),mouth (stomatitis),
cracking the membranes of the corner of
the mouth (cheilosis), disease of the oil-
producing glands of the skin (seborrheic
dermatis), anemia (deficiency of BC)
{ 0ead to vit B6 deficiency
V Toxicity
{ No cases reported
{ No U0 has been set
V Vit B3
V Vit compounds
{ Nicotinic acid
{ Nicotinamide or Niacinamide
V Act as a coenzyme component
participate in metabolic pathways
V Functions
{ Niacin coenzyme in oxidation reactions -
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)
& Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate (NADP+)
{ 0ower 0D0 & increase ÿD0
V Dietary ecommendations
{ DA : adult (ë) ² 16mg/d; () ² 14mg/d
{ Pregnancy ² 14mg/d; 0actation ² 17mg/d
V Sources
{ ëeat, poultry, fish, enriched & whole-grain
breads grain products & fortified ready to
eat cereal
{ ëushroom, peanuts, liver & seafood
V Deficiency
{ Pellagra - ´ëal de la osaµ or ´red sicknessµ
{ Dementia (decline in cognitive function),
diarrhea, dermatitis
V Toxicity
{ Consume 250mg (15 to 17 times the DA)-
flushing of the face, arms & chest; itching,
headache, rash, nausea, glucose
intolerance, blurred vision, liver abnormalities
{ U0 ²35mg/d
V Functions
{ Component of coenzyme AcetylCoA
V Dietary ecommendations
{ Aº ² 5mg/d (adults 19 to 50 years)
V Sources
{ Chicken, beef, potatoes, oats, tomato product
sliver, kidney, yeast, egg yolk, broccoli & whole
grains
{ Damage easily ² freezing & canning; processing
& refining grains (decrease content)
V Deficiency
{ isk ² fad diets (lack of nutrients)
{ Symptoms ² irritability, restlessness, fatigue,
apathy (low motivation), malaise
(tiredness),sleep disturbance, nausea,
vomiting, numbness, cramps
{ Toxicity
¦ ÿigh intake have not caused adverse effect
¦ No U0 has been established
V Functions
{ Catalyze carboxylation reaction (CO2 is
added to substrate)
¦ Ñluconeogenesis process
V Dietary ecommendations
{ Aº ² 30 microgram/day (adult ë & )
V Sources
{ Cauliflower, liver, peanut, cheese, egg yolk
V Deficiency
{ ÿigh risk ² eating raw egg white over a long
period, long term anticonvulsant
(antiepileptics)drug user, infant s born with
biotinidase deficiency
{ Symptoms ² initial hair loss, rash, convulsions &
other neurologic disorders
{ Delay growth
{ Not treated - changes in blood pÿ (coma &
death)
V Toxicity
{ Not appear to be toxic at high doses
{ No U0 has been established
V Ñroup of 6 compounds
{ Pyridoxal (P0)
{ Pyridoxine (PN)
{ Pyridoxamine (Pë)
{ Phosphorylated form (added phosphate) ²
P0P, PNP, PëP
V Functions
{ P0P support reaction that include the transfer of
amino groups carboxyl group or water
{ Support protein ,metabolism, blood cell
synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism,
neurotransmitter synthesis
V Dietary ecommendations
{ DA (ë &  aged 19 to 50) ² 1.3mg/d
{ ë > 51 year ² 1.7mg/d;  > 51 years ² 1.5mg/d
{ Due to role of vit B6 in amino acid metabolism,
people on very high protein diets may needed
higher intakes
V Sources
{ Fortified, ready to eat cereal; mixed food
that contain meat, fish, or poultry, white
potatoes & other starchy vegetables.
{ Banana, watermelon, potatoes, sunflower
seed
{ Not stable ² heat can destroy as much as
50% content
{ Bioavailable ² completely absorbed
V Deficiency
{ ëicrocytic hypochromic anemia, seborrheic
dermatitis, neurologic symptoms (depression,
confusion, convulsion)
{ ÿigh risk ² alcoholics, cirrhosis & hepatitis
(damage liver tissue ² preventing liver to
metabolize vit B6)
V Toxicity & ëedical Uses
{ > 2000mg/d can cause irreversible nerve
damage that effect the ability to walk &
causes numbness in the extremities
{ U0 100mg/d
V ëedical Uses
{ omen prescribe large dosage to treat PëS
{ Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
V Functions
{ DNA synthesis
{ Amino acids metabolism
{ Cell division
{ ëaturation of BC
V Dietary ecommendations
{ DA ë &  > 19 years ² 400 microgram
{ Pregnancy ² 600 micrograms; 0actation ²
500 micrograms
V Sources
{ Fortified, ready to eat cereals
{ Dark green leafy vegetables ² spinach,
asparagus, broccoli, OJ, wheat germ, liver,
sunflower seeds, & legumes
{ Vulnerable to heat, ultraviolet light, &
exposure to oxygen
¦ Cooking & other food processing techniques
can destroy 50% to 90% folate content
V Deficiency
{ ëay stem from the following conditions:
V ºnadequate folate consumption
{ Poor & poverty
{ Cooking habits
{ Alcoholism
{ Excessive dieting
{ Anorexia Nervosa & Bulimia
{ Elderly
{ Psychiatric patients
V ºnadequate folate absorption
{ Abnormal mucosal cells limning the Ѻ tract
V Deficiency
{ ºncreased folate requirements
¦ Pregnancy, lactation, blood disorders,
leukemia, psoriasis (skin disorders)
{ ºmpaired folate utilization
{ Altered folate metabolism
{ Alcohol, barbiturates drugs ² impaired folate
absorption
{ Excessive folate excretion
¦ Due to prolonged diarrhea
V Toxicity
{ Prevent the formation of altered BC that
signal the lack of B12
{ Prompt or exacerbate the neurological
problems associated with vit B12 deficiency
{ ÿives & respiratory distress
{ U0 ² 1000 micrograms/d
V Also called cobalamin
V Functions
{ Folate metabolism
{ ÿelps maintain the myelin sheath, the
protecting coating that surrounds the nerve
fibers
{ earrange carbon atoms in FA chains &
prepare them to enter kreb cycle
V Dietary ecommendation
{ DA ë &  > 19 ² 2.4 microgram/d
V Sources
{ ëeat, fish, poultry
{ ëilk & milk product
{ Shellfish, liver, fish
V Deficiency
{ Always due impaired absorption
{ isk populations ² vegetarians, vegan
mothers during lactation
{ Pernicious Anemia ² causes formation of
megabloblasts & macrocytes
{ Cause myelin sheath to swell & breakdown
leading to brain abnormalities & spinal cord
degeneration
{ Not treated ² .º.P
V Toxicity
{ Not been shown to cause harmful side
effects in healthy people
{ No U0
V 2 forms
{ educed form - Ascorbic acid
{ Oxidized form ² dehydroascorbic acid
V ÿuman cannot make their own vit C
V Functions
{ Collagen synthesis
¦ Collagen formation that helps reinforce the
connective tissues that hold together the
structures of the body
{ Antioxidant activity
¦ ëinimize free radical damage
¦ educe the risk of ÿD, cancer & cataracts
{ ºron Absorption
¦ Enhance the absorption of nonheme iron
(plant food)
V Functions
{ Synthesis of vital cell compounds
¦ Synthesize carnitine (fatty acid carrier for
energy production)
¦ Synthesize catecolamine, thyroxine, bile acids,
steroid hormones.
{ ºmmune function
¦ Enable lymphocytes & other cells of immune
system to unction
V Dietary ecommendations
{ DA adults > 19 years 90mg (ë); 75mg ()
{ Pregnancy 85mg; lactation 120 mg
{ Smoker 35mg/d more than non smoker
V Sources
{ Potatoes, citrus fruits, tomatoes, fortified juice,
broccoli, strawberries, kiwi fruit, cabbage,
spinach, leafy green vegetables, green pepper
{ ÿighly vulnerable to heat & oxygen ² fresh fruits
& vegetables are optional option
V Deficiency
{ Scurvy ² body loses the ability to synthesize collagen
(connective tissue starts breaking down & gum & joints
begin to bleed)
V eakness develop & small hemorrhage appears
around the hair follicles on the arms & legs
V Previous healed wounds reopen, bone pain,
fractures, diarrhea, depression
V Toxicity
{ Taking more than 2000mg daily for prolonged period can
lead to nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea & nose
bleed
{ U0 2000mg/d
 Fresh, Frozen or Canned?
aw or Cooked?
Selecting & Preparing Foods
to ëaximize Vitamin Content
V To maximize the vitamin content, used
minimal amount of heat, water &
exposure of air
V Steaming & microwave are the best
cooking methods for preserving vitamin
content because they minimize cooking
time & water use.