V Major minerals are required in the diet &

present in the body in large amounts

compared to trace minerals
V Trace minerals are minerals required in the
diet & present in the body in very small
amount (less than 100mg)
V Animal foods contain more reliable source
of minerals than plant are.
V Drinking water can sometimes be a
significant source of sodium, magnesium &
fluoride.
V jodium
V Potassium
V Chloride
V Calcium
V Phosphorus
V Magnesium
V julfur
V unctions
3 Major caption in extracellular fluid & critical
electrolytes in regulation of body fluids
3 Maintain proper body H2O distribution and
blood pressure
3 Nerve & muscle transmission
3 Control the body acidity
3 Aids the absorption of glucose
V rDA
3 No rDA for sodium
3 Min 500mg/day (1 tea spoon of table salt or
2 teaspoon of baking soda)
3 jevere diarrhea ² electrolytes solution is the
best source of sodium replacement
V jource of sodium
3 Table salt & soy sauce are high in sodium
3 jalty or smoked meals and fish, salted snack
foods
3 Kidney retain the sodium the body need &
excrete the excess sodium in urine.
3 Taking too much sodium & not enough H2O
² dehydration
3 Taking salt tablets before or water exercise is
unnecessary & harmful.
V Hypoatremia
3 ow blood sodium as a result of severe
diarrhea, vomiting or intense prolonged
sweating.
3 Treatment ² replacement of fluid and
mineral through liquids & food or intravenous
solution.
3 Not treated ² headache, confusion, seizure
or coma.
V Hyperatremia
3 Abnormally high [sodium] in blood due to
rapid intake of large amounts of sodium
3 (e.g., drinking sea water)
3 result ² edema (swelling) and raise in BP
3 Usually seen in patients with congestive heart
failure or kidney disease.
3 Contribute to hypertension, osteoporosis
increase calcium loss in urine)
V unctions
3 £mportant component of muscle contraction
3 Transmission of nerve impulses
3 Help regulate BP
V rDA
3 Min requirement 2000-3000mg/day
V jource
3 Major - resh vegetables & fruits e.g.,
potatoes, spinach, melons & banana.
3 resh meat, milk, coffee & tea
V Hypokalemia
3 ow blood potassium cause by vomiting,
diarrhea or diuretic.
3 jymptoms ² muscle weakness, loss of
appetite, confusion
3 jevere ² disrupt heart rhythms (fatal)
3 High risk ² people with poor diet, alcoholics,
anorexia or bulimia nervosa.
V Hyperkalemia
3 High [potassium] in blood
3 Excess potassium due to kidney malfunction
to remove excess potassium.
3 jevere ² stop the heart
V unctions
3 Maintain body fluid balance
3 Combine with H+ to form hydrochloric acid
(HC£) in the stomach ² help kills many
disease causing bacteria & help prepare
protein for enzymatic digestion.
3 WBC use chloride ions to form a powerful
chemical to kill invading bacteria.
V rDA
3 3400mg/day
3 Consumption of excess sodium & chloride
may aggravate hypertension
V jource
3 Natural source ² fruit & vegetables
3 salt
V Hypochloremia
3 Chloride deficiency due to vomiting.
3 risk ² anorexia & bulimia.
3 Can cause dehydration and metabolic
alkalosis (high blood pH)
3 Treatment ² oral or intravenous fluids
V unctions
3 Bone structure
3 Nerve function
3 Blood clotting
3 Muscle contraction
3 Cellular metabolism
V regulation of blood calcium
3 Ditamin D
J £ncrease calcium absorption
3 Parathyroid hormone
J When plasma calcium levels are too low, the
parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone
(PTH).
3 PTH activate bone-resorbing osteoclasts that
break down bone & release calcium into the
blood
3 PTH increase kidney re-absorption of calcium &
stimulate calcitriol production ² enhance
calcium absorption.
V Enhancer of Ca Absorption
3 jtomach acid
3 Ditamin D
3 actose
3 Growth Hormone
V rDA
3 A£ 1000mg/day adults (19-50 years)
3 Adolescents need more calcium to
maximize peak bone mass. A£ 1300mg/day
(9-18 years)
3 A£ older adults (above 51 years) 1200mg/day
V j

3 Non fat milk, yogurt, ice cream, cheese,
spinach, tofu,
V a

3 ow calcium in blood
3 Causes ² kidney failure, vitamin D deficiency
V a

3 Cause by cancer & overproduction of PTH
3 jymptom ² fatigue, confusion, loss of
appetite, and constipation.
V Common in many crucial metabolic systems
V Used to activate & deactivate enzymes, &
essential component of ATP, the energy source
of the cell
V About 85% of phosphorus found in bone
V Milk & meat are major sources of dietary
phosphorus
V rDA for adults is 700mg / day
V £ncreasing 1,250mg / day for teens
V Diets high in phosphorus & low in calcium can
contribute to bone loss
V unctions
3 Participates in enzyme mediated reaction
(e.g., DNA & protein synthesis).
3 Essential for ATP production via the ETC &
glycolysis
3 Participate in muscle contraction
3 Blood clotting.
V rDA
3 Adults (19-30 years) is 400mg/day (men);
310mg (women)
3 Adults (31-70 years) is 420mg/day (men); 320
(women)
V jource
3 jpinach, potatoes, legumes, tofu, & some
type of sea food.
V Hypomagnesemia
3 Magnesium deficiency occurs with variety of
diseases ² kidney disease, alcoholism &
diuretic drugs.
3 risks ² prolonged diarrhea, alcoholic.
V Hypermagnesemia
3 Abnormal high [magnesium] in blood.
3 jymptom ² nausea & general weakness.
3 U not more than 350mg/day
V £s a component of the amino acids
methionine & cystine, as well as of the
vitamins biotin & thiamin
V £mportant in drug detoxication & in
maintaining acid-base balance
V A diet sufficient in protein contains
adequate sulfur
V Hypertension
3 High sodium intake, low intake of potassium,
calcium, magnesium, excess weight,
alcoholism can contribute to the
development of hypertension.
3 Eating a diet with lots of fresh foods &
avoiding processed food ² reduce the risk
V Osteoporosis
3 Primarily affect post-menopausal women.
3 Adequate calcium intake early in life helps
maximize peak bone mass.