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CRUDE OIL
Petroleum : Petra Rock, Oleum Oil. Black Gold Crude oil is a substance, generally liquid, occurring naturally in the earth and composed mainly of mixtures of chemical compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen with or without other nonmetallic elements such as Sulfur, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
Crude Oil
Complex mixture of thousands of chemical compounds that are mostly composed of Carbon and Hydrogen (called Hydrocarbons) ranging from one to 90 carbon atoms Contains small amount of
Most of the above are chemically combined with carbon and hydrogen and treated as impurities and contaminant
CRUDE OIL
COMPOSITION :Parafinic Napthenic Aromatic
AVERAGE OF CRUDE OIL COMPOSITION :Carbon Hydrogen Sulfur Remaining (Nitrogen, Oxygen & Metal salts)
Source: BP Stats 2006
: : : :
84% 14% 1 - 3% 1%
: S < 0.5% : 0.5% < S < 1.0% : 1.0% < S < 2.0% : S >2.0%
BENCH MARK
BRENT :
CRUDES
North Sea
West Texas Intermediate : North America Dubai Tapis Minas : Middle East flowing to Asia Pacific region : Malaysian - Lt. Far East Oils : Indonesian Hy. Far East oils
OPEC Reference Basket : A weighted average of oil blends of various OPEC countries.
API GRAVITY Definition:It is a measure of the weight of hydrocarbons according to a scale established by the American Petroleum Institute. API gravity = 141.5 ---------------------------- 131.5 Specific gravity at 600F
The Total Acid Number is the amount of Potassium Hydroxide in milligrams that is needed to neutralize the acids in one gram of oil. It is an important quality measurement of Crude oil.
Significance :
The TAN value indicates to the crude oil refinery the potential of corrosion problems.
Product mix Product quality Refinery configuration Product treatment facilities Refinery design spec- Metallurgy, desalter etc Environment stipulation for pollution control
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS
WHY SPECIFICATIONS?
EACH QUALITY PARAMETER IN A SPECIFICATION HAS A SIGNIFICANCE IT EITHER IMPROVES PERFORMANCE (OF ENGINE AS IN OCTANE & CETANE NUMBER) OR ENHANCES SAFETY (AS IN FLASH POINT), HANDLYING (AS IN POUR POINT) OR REDUCES POLLUTION (AS IN SULPHUR CONTENT, BENZENE CONTENT) SPECIFICATION BECOMES MORE STRINGENT WITH ADVANCEMENT OF TIME, TECHNOLOGY & CUSTOMER / SOCIAL DEMANDS.
FLASH POINT
Definition :The flash point of a fuel is the lowest temperature at which the application of a flame causes the vapour above the sample to ignite. Significance It is important primarily from a fuel-handling standpoint. Too low a flash point will cause fuel to be a fire hazard. A low-flash point may indicate contamination by more volatile and explosive fuels / fractions. Flash point (BIS) requirements for some petroleum products are: S.K.O U.L.S.H.S.D. H.S.D F.O. A.T.F 350 C 350 C 350 C 660C 380 C
FIRE POINT
Definition :Fire point is the lowest temperature, corrected to one atmosphere pressure at which the application of a test flame to the oil sample surface causes the vapour of the oil to ignite and burn for 5 secs. Significance :Low fire point petroleum products are potential fire hazards.
SMOKE POINT
Definition :It is defined as the maximum height of flame in millimeters at which the given oil will burn without giving smoke in a standard lamp under specified conditions. Significance :Smoke point is an indication of clean burning quality of kerosene. In India, marketable kerosene should possess a smoke point of 18mm.
ANILINE POINT
Definition :Aniline point is the lowest temperature at which oil is completely miscible with an equal volume of Aniline. Significance:High aniline point indicates that the fuel is highly paraffinic and hence has a high Diesel index and very good ignition quality. In case of aromatics the aniline point is low and the ignition quality is poor. This test is useful for calculating Diesel Index.
DIESEL INDEX
Definition :Diesel index is a measure of ignition quality of fuel. Diesel Index = (Aniline Point in oF X oAPI) ----------------------------100 Significance :High Diesel index indicates better ignition quality. Used as a guide in the absence of an engine for testing Cetane No.
CETANE NUMBER
Definition :This is a measure of the tendency of diesel fuels to knock in a diesel engine. It is determined in a single cylinder CFR engine by comparing the ignition delay characteristics of the fuel with that of the reference blends of known Cetane no. Reference fuels Significance :It is the index of ignition quality of a fuel. High cetane number fuel will enhance easy starting of compression ignition engines and lessen engine roughness. : Normal Cetane 100 Heptamethyle nonane 15
OCTANE NUMBER
Definition :It is defined as percentage volume of Iso-octane in a mixture of Iso-octane and n-heptane that gives the same knocking characteristic as the fuel under consideration. Reference fuel : iso Octane 100 n-Heptane - 0 Significance :High Octane number reduces knocking in a petrol engine and improves engine life.
OXYGENATES IN GASOLINE
Definition :Motor gasoline, having oxygen content of 2.7 percent or higher by weight is known as Oxygenated Gasoline. Significance :Oxygenated gasoline helps engines run leaner, which helps engines, particularly older engines, produce less carbon monoxide. Common oxygenates are MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether) & Ethanol.
CLOUD POINT
Definition :Cloud point is the temperature at which a cloud or haze of wax crystals appears at the bottom of the test jar when the oil is cooled under the prescribed conditions. Significance :It indicates the temperature above which oil can be safely handled without any fear of congealing or filter clogging.
POUR POINT
Definition :Pour point is the lowest temperature in multiples of 3 Deg. C at which the oil will just flow when cooled under prescribed conditions. Significance :It indicates the pumpability of the fuel and it indicates the waxy nature of the fuel.
LPG
Unit Total volatile sulfur Evaporation temperature for 95 vol% Vapor pressure @ 40 C Mercaptan sulfur Hydrogen sulfide Free water ppmwt C kPa ppmwt ppmwt ppmwt Value 200 max. 2 max. 1050 max. 50-150 Nil Nil
NAPHTHA
Unit Paraffins Aromatics Olefins Density IBP FBP Sulfur RVP @ 38 C vol% vol% vol% kg/m C C wt% psi Value 65 min. 10 max. 1 max. Free 34 min. 160 max. 0.15 max. 10 max.
Motor Spirit
EURO III Premium Unit RON unleaded MON unleaded Density Evaporation at 70 C kg/m vol% Value 95 min. 85 min. 720-775 10-45 Regular Value 91 min. 81 min. 720-775 10-45 EURO IV Premium Value 95 min. 85 min. 720-775 10-45 Regular Value 91 min. 81 min. 720-775 10-45
Motor Spirit
EURO III EURO IV
Premium
Domestic
Premium
Domestic
vol%
40-70
40-70
40-70
40-70
vol%
75 min.
75 min.
75 min.
75 min.
210 max.
210 max.
210 max.
210 max.
wt%
0.015 max.
0.015 max.
0.005 max.
0.005 max.
Motor Spirit
EURO III Premium Domestic EURO IV Premium Domestic
RVP @ 38C Benzene Aromatics Oxygen content Oxidation stability Olefin content
mints
360 min.
360 min.
360 min.
360 min.
vol%
18 max.
21 max.
18 max.
21 max.
JET FUEL
Unit Density @ 15 C Smoke point Freezing point Color Saybolt Distillation, 10 vol% Distillation, FBP Copper Strip Corrosion, 3 hrs @ 50 C kg/m mm C C C Value 775-840 19 min. - 47 max. +10 min. 205 max. 300 max. Not worse than No.1
JET FUEL
Unit Sulfur Flash point Viscosity @ -20 C wt% C mm2/s Value 0.25 max. 38 min. 8.0 max
vol% -
mm Hg
25 max.
70 min.
DIESEL
EURO III Unit Density @ 15 C Cetane Index Cetane Number (Note 1) CFPP, Winter / Summer kg/m min. min. C, max. Value 820-845 46 51 6 / 18 EURO IV Value 820-845 48 51 6 / 18
0.02 350
0.02 350
DIESEL
Distillation, 95 vol% Viscosity @ 40 C Sulfur C cSt ppm max. C min. wt% max. 360 max. 2 4.5 350 360 max. 2 4.5 50
35 11
35 11
microns max. -
460
460
No. 1
No. 1
FUEL OIL
Regular Fuel Oil Unit Density @ 15 C kg/m Value free Plant Fuel Oil Value free
66 27 180 4.0
66 8,500-50,000 1.8
Crude Oil
Reserves: 786 mtoe/5.9 bln bbl (end 2005) Production: 36.2 mln ton/816 tbpd (2005)
Natural Gas
Reserves: 1101 bcm (end 2005) Production: 30.4 bcm (2005)
HI
Year
1862 1870 1913 1916 1930 1932 1932 1933 1935 1935 1937 1939
FI I G
rpose By-pro cts, etc.
rocess ame
tmosp eric istillatio Vac m istillatio ro
ce kerose e
ap t a, tar, etc. sp alt, resi al coker fee stocks esi lf r esi lf r oke romatics Waxes etroc emical fee stocks etroc emical fee stocks I crease istillate,tar al al, ker f el
rica ts (origi al) racki g fee stocks (1930's) I crease gasoli e re ce s lf r & o or m er
ermal cracki g eete i g ermal reformi g Hy roge atio oki g olve t extractio olve t e axi g at. olymerizatio atalytic cracki g Vis reaki g
Improve l i ex
Improve po r poi t Improve gasoli e yiel & octa e m er Hig er octa e gasoli e re ce viscosity
HI Year 1940 1940 1942 1950 1952 1954 1956 1957 1960 1974 1975 rocess ame lkylatio Isomerizatio Fl i catalytic cracki g easp alti g atalytic reformi g Hy ro es lf rizatio I i itor s eete i g atalytic isomerisatio Hy rocracki g atalytic e axi g esi al y rocracki g
Y rpose
Hig -octa e aviatio gasoli e ap t a etroc emical fee stocks sp alt romatics lf r is lfi es lkylatio fee stocks
I crease gasoli e yiel & octa e I crease cracki g fee stock o vert lo -q ality ap t a emove s lf r emove mercapta o vert to molec les it ig octa e m er Improve q ality a s lf r Improve po r poi t I crease gasoli e yiel from resi al re ce
TYPICAL APPROXIMATE CHARACTERISTICS AND PROPERTIES AND GASOLINE POTENTIAL OF VARIOUS CRUDES (Representative average numbers) Napht. yield (% vol) 28 22 23 2 18 -
Crude source Nigerian -Light Saudi -Light Saudi -Heavy Venezuela -Heavy Venezuela -Light USA -Midcont. Sweet USA -W. Texas Sour North Sea -Brent
Sulfur API Paraffins Aromatics Naphthenes (% gravity (% vol) (% vol) (% vol) wt) (approx.) 37 63 60 35 52 9 19 15 12 14 54 18 25 53 34 0.2 2 2.1 2.3 1.5 0.4 36 34 28 30 24 40
Octane no (typical) 60 40 35 60 50 -
46
22
32
1.9
32
33
55
50
16
34
0.4
37
31
50
TY I
implest lke e ( 2H4): THY (
2H4)
.
4H8)
Typical lke es it t e same c emical form la ( iffere t molec lar str ct res: 1-B TENE (
4H8)
B TENE (
4H8)
T PICAL APPROXIMATE CHARACTERISTICS AND ARIOUS CRUDES PROPERTIES AND ASOLINE POTENTIAL O (Re resentative average numbers) Sulfur API Na ht. Octane (% gravity yield no wt) (a ro .) (% vol) (ty ical) 0.2 2 2.1 2.3 1.5 0.4 1.9 0.4 36 34 28 30 24 40 32 37 28 22 23 2 18 33 31 60 40 35 60 50 55 50
Crude source Nigerian Light Saudi Light Saudi Heavy enezuela Heavy enezuela Light USA Midcont. Sweet USASour . Te as
INDIGENOUS CRUDE
ASSAM & NORTH /SOUTH GUJRAT ARE MAIN ONSHORE CRUDES. BOMBAY HIGH, RAVVA, PANNA MUKTA ARE MAIN OFF-SHORE CRUDE. SUPPLY IS LOWER THAN REQUIREMENT CHEAPER COMPARED TO IMPORTED CRUDE DUE TO DUTY/TAX AND FREIGHT ADVANTAGE .
IMPORTED CRUDE
TYPICAL AROMATICS.
Example of simple aromatic compound:
BENZENE (C6H6)
IMPORTED CRUDE
TERM CONTRACT TERM TENDER SPOT TENDER
CRUDE OIL
GRADATION OF CRUDE OIL
BITUMENIOUS (BASRA, KUWAIT, AM) NON-BITUMENIOUS HIGH SULFUR (INDIAN, MALAYSIAN, OMAN) LUBE (AM, BASRA,MURBAN) NON LUBE (KUWAIT,MASILA) ATF NON-ATF
Diesel ex-Assam crude requires hydrotreating or addition of cetane improver. Mostly non-ATF (excepting Gujarat crudes) Non-Bituminous, therefore all residue converted to LSHS
CRUDE OIL
GRADATION OF CRUDE OIL
LOW SULFUR ,Sulfur , <0.5 %wt ( INDIAN, MALAYSIAN, WAF) HIGH SULFUR , Sulfur , >0.5 %wt (LATIN AMERICAN, PG)
LIGHER, API>30( INDIAN, MALAYSIAN, WAF) HEAVIER API<30 (LATIN AMERICAN, PG)
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