CCTV Basics

Camera Classification
Cameras

Only Video

One Way Audio

Two Way Audio

CCD *

Built in Lens

B/W

Color

* CCD Charged Coupled Device

CCD
Charged Coupled Device
A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a light-sensitive integrated circuit that stores and displays chargelightthe data for an image in such a way that each pixel (picture element) in the image is converted into an electrical charge the intensity of which is related to a color in the color spectrum. spectrum. For a system supporting 65,535 colors, there will be a separate value for each color 65, that can be stored and recovered. CCDs are now commonly included in digital still and video recovered. readers. cameras. cameras. They are also used in astronomical telescopes, scanners, and bar code readers. The devices have also found use in machine vision for robots, in optical character recognition (OCR), in the processing of satellite photographs, and in the enhancement of radar images, especially in meteorology. meteorology. A CCD in a digital camera improves resolution compared with older technologies. Some digital cameras produce images having more than one million pixels, yet sell for under $1,000. The term megapixel has been coined in reference to such cameras. Sometimes a camera with an image of 1,024 by 768 pixels is given the label "megapixel," even though it technically falls short of the mark. Another asset of the CCD is its high degree of sensitivity. A good CCD can produce an image in extremely dim light, and its resolution does not deteriorate when the illumination intensity is low, as is the case with conventional cameras. The CCD was invented in 1969 at Bell Labs, now part of Lucent Technologies, by George Smith and Willard Boyle.

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Camera - Types
Open Type Camera with Built in Lens

Dome Type 1/3 & 1/4

CCD Camera 1/3 & 1/4

IR Cameras

Speed Dome
PTZ Camera with Controller

Dome Camera
Specifications
Color 1/3 Integrated Circuit  NTSC=270K / PAL=320K Pixel  Resolution 380 TV Line  Min. Illumination 0.1Lux / F2.0  High Sensitivity, Low smear  High Anti-blooming, High S/N Ratio Anti Auto Electronic Shutter  Auto Gain Control  Auto White Balance


CCD Camera
Specifications
Color 1/3 CCD image sensor  NTSC=270K / PAL=320K Pixel  Resolution 380 TV Line  Minimum Illumination 0.05Lux / F1.2  High Sensitivity, Low smear  High Anti-blooming, High S/N Ratio > 48 Db Anti Auto Electronic Shutter  Auto Gain Control Auto Iris Back light compensation  Auto White Balance 12V DC Power supply


PAL
Phase Alternation Line
PAL is the analog television display standard that is used in Europe and certain other parts of the world. PAL is one of the three major TV standards together with the American National Television Systems Committee(NTSC) Committee(NTSC) color television system and the French Sequential Couleur avec Memoire (SECAM). NTSC is also used in Japan. SECAM is used in countries of the former Soviet Union. Like SECAM, PAL scans the cathode ray tube (CRT) horizontally 625 times (CRT) to form the video image. NTSC scans 525 lines. Color definitions between the systems vary slightly.

NTSC
National Television Standards Committee
The NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) was responsible for developing, in 1953, 1953, a set of standard protocol for television (TV) broadcast transmission and reception in the United States. Two other standards - Phase Alternation Line (PAL) and Sequential Couleur States. avec Memoire (SECAM) - are used in other parts of the world. The NTSC standards have not world. changed significantly since their inception, except for the addition of new parameters for color signals. NTSC signals are not directly compatible with computer systems. signals. systems. An NTSC TV image has 525 horizontal lines per frame (complete screen image). These lines image). are scanned from left to right, and from top to bottom. Every other line is skipped. Thus it bottom. skipped. takes two screen scans to complete a frame: one scan for the odd-numbered horizontal lines, frame: oddand another scan for the even-numbered lines. Each half-frame screen scan takes evenlines. halfapproximately 1/60 of a second; a complete frame is scanned every 1/30 second. This second; second. alternatealternate-line scanning system is known as interlacing. interlacing. Adapters exist that can convert NTSC signals to digital video that a computer can "understand. "understand." Conversely, there are devices that can convert computer video to NTSC signals, display. allowing a TV receiver to be used as a computer display. But because a conventional TV receiver has lower resolution than a typical computer monitor, this does not work well for all computer applications, even if the TV screen is very large. large. In recent years, there has been increasing pressure to adopt a new set of TV standards. One of standards. HDTV) the proposed protocols is known as high-definition television (HDTV). Ideally, the HDTV highstandard that is ultimately adopted will be directly compatible with computer systems. systems. However, there are engineering problems associated with this. Some industry experts fear this. such compatibility could dramatically increase the cost of a conventional TV set. set.

Resolution
Resolution is the most important factor of the camera. It should be around 380TV camera. 380TV Lines for B/W Cameras and 350TV Lines for Colored Cameras. 350TV Cameras. Electronic Shutter speed also plays a very important role in the ultimate performance of the camera. Usually a range of shutter speeds is provided like camera. 1/60~1/100,000 sec., which means that the camera's electronic shutter opens and 60~ 100, sec. closes 60 to 100,000 times a second. The minimum side should not be less than 100, second. 1/60 and maximum side should not be greater than 1/100,000 of a second. 100, second. Unsuitable shutter speed results in the flickering of the Video Image on the monitor, especially under artificial light as in tube light or diffused light environments. environments.

Lux
The lux (symbolized lx) is the unit of illuminance in the International System of Units (SI). It is defined in terms of lumens per meter squared (lm/m2). Reduced to SI) lumens SI base units, one lux is equal to 0.00146 kilogram per second cubed (1.46 x 10-3 kg / s3). One lux is the equivalent of 1.46 milliwatt (1.46 x 10-3 W) of radiant electromagnetic (EM) power at a frequency of 540 terahertz (540 THz or 5.40 x 1014 Hz), impinging at a right angle on a surface whose area is one square meter. A Hz), meter. nanometers frequency of 540 THz corresponds to a wavelength of about 555 nanometers (nm), which is in the middle of the visible-light spectrum. visiblespectrum. The lux is a small unit. An alternative unit is the watt per meter squared (W / m2). unit. To obtain lux when the illuminance in watts per meter squared is known, multiply by 683. To obtain watts per meter squared when the illuminance in lux is known, 683. divide by 683 or multiply by 0.00146. 00146. Illuminance varies inversely with the square of the distance from the source on a freefree-space line of sight. If the distance is doubled, the illuminance is cut to 1/4; if sight. the distance increases by a factor of 10, the illuminance becomes 1/100 (0.01 10, times) as great. great.

Back Light Compensation

The BLC function eliminates the effect of an over exposed background. background. BLC prevents the subject from being recorded too dark by opening up the iris. Backlight means that the light falls on the iris. subject from behind i.e. the subject is standing in front of a window. window.

Back Light Condition

BLC

Auto Iris
AutoAuto-Iris Lenses are designed for outdoor use or any applications with variable lighting conditions. conditions. They are available in C or CS Mounts from supersuperwide angle to telephoto (depending on the application use), DC and Video types. The DC types. type is more economical and designed for the newer CCD cameras which incorporate ALC circuitry of the camera. camera.

Auto Gain Control

AGC (Automatic Gain Control) controls the contrast and video gain of the built-in video amplifier of the camera. Thus these builtcamera. functions make cameras to install easily without any toil. toil.

Auto White Balance

In colored cameras, colour adjustment used to be a tough job, but thanks to the new technologies colors and brightness of the camera is automatically adjusted by Automatic White Balance. Balance.
0

0.5

Signal to Noise Ratio

signal-tosignal-to-noise ratio - (SNR, "s/n ratio", "s:n ratio") "Signal" refers to useful "s: information conveyed by some communications medium, and "noise" to anything else on that medium. The ratio of these is usually expressed logarithmically, in decibels. medium. decibels. signal-tosignal-to-noise ratio - The term is often applied to Usenet newsgroups though figures are never given. Here it is quite common to have more noise (inappropriate postings given. which contribute nothing) than signal (relevant, useful or interesting postings). The postings). signal gets lost in the noise when it becomes too much effort to try to find interesting articles among all the crud. Posting "noise" is probably the worst breach of netiquette crud. and is a waste of bandwidth. bandwidth.

Interlaced GIF
An interlaced GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is a GIF image that seems to Format) arriveon your display like an image coming through a slowly-opening Venetian slowlyblind. blind. A fuzzy outline of an image is gradually replaced by seven successive waves of bit streams that fill in the missing lines until the image arrives at its full resolution. resolution. Among the advantages for the viewer using 14.4 Kbps and 28.8 Kbps 14. 28. modems are that the wait time for an image seems less and the viewer can sometimes get enough information about the image to decide to click on it or move elsewhere. For users with faster connections, there is little difference in elsewhere. effect between an interlaced GIF and a non-interlaced nonGIF. GIF.

AVI
Audio Video Interleave
An AVI file is a sound and motion picture file that conforms to the Microsoft Windows Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF) specification. AVI files (which specification. end with an .avi extension) require a special player (Windows Media Player) that may be included with your Web browser or may require downloading. downloading.

Lens Types
Focal Length
4.0mm

6.0mm

8.0mm

12.0mm

16.0mm

C Mount
What is a C-mount? CThe mechanical definition of a C-mount is a 1 inch hole with 32 TPI threading (turns per inch), female on the camera side, male on the microscope side. The optical definition of a Cside. mount is that the image reaches the focal plane of the CCD at 17. 17.5 mm beyond the shoulder of mounting ring. ring.

CS Mount
What is a CS-mount? CSUses the same thread as C mount but requires the lens to be 5mm closer to the image sensor, new industry standard for lens mounting. mounting.

JPEG
Joint Photographic Experts Group
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is an ISO/IEC group of ISO/ experts that develops and maintains standards for a suite of compression algorithms for computer image files. algorithms files. JPEG (usually pronounced JAY-pehg) is also a term for any graphic JAYimage file producedby using a JPEG standard. A JPEG file is created standard. by choosing from a range of compression qualities (actually, from one of a suite of compression algorithms). When you create a JPEG or algorithms). convert an image from another format to a JPEG, you are asked to specify the quality of image you want. Since the highest quality want. results in the largest file, you can make a trade-off between image tradequality and file size. Formally, the JPEG file format is specified in ISO size. standard 10918. The JPEG scheme includes 29 distinct coding 10918. processes although a JPEG implementor may not use them all. all. Together with the Graphic Interchange Format (GIF) and Portable GIF) Network Graphics (PNG) file formats, the JPEG is one of the image PNG) file formats supported on the World Wide Web, usually with the file that is suffix of ".jpg". You can create a progressive JPEG jpg". GIF. similar to an interlaced GIF.

MPEG
Moving Picture Experts Group

MPEG (pronounced EHM-pehg), the Moving Picture Experts Group, EHMcompression. develops standards for digital video and digital audio compression. It operates under the auspices of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). The MPEG standards are an evolving series, each ISO) designed for a different purpose. To use MPEG video files, you need a purpose. personal computer with sufficient processor speed, internal memory, and hard disk space to handle and play the typically large MPEG file (which has a file name suffix of .mpg). You also need an MPEG viewer or client mpg). software that plays MPEG files. (Note that .mp3 file suffixes indicate MP3 files. mp3 MP3 (MPEG-1 audio layer-3) files, not MPEG-3 standard files.) You can (MPEGlayerMPEGfiles. download shareware or commercial MPEG players from a number of sites on the Web.

MPEG4
Motion Picture Expert Group Version 4
MPEG-4 is an ISO/IEC standard developed by MPEG (Moving Picture Experts MPEGGroup), the committee that also developed the Emmy Award winning standards known as MPEG-1 and MPEG-2. These standards made interactive video on CDMPEGMPEGCDROM and Digital Television possible. MPEG-4 is the result of another international possible. MPEGeffort involving hundreds of researchers and engineers from all over the world. world. MPEG-4, whose formal ISO/IEC designation is ISO/IEC 14496, was finalized in MPEG14496, October 1998 and became an International Standard in the first months of 1999. 1999. The fully backward compatible extensions under the title of MPEG-4 Version 2 MPEGwere frozen at the end of 1999, to acquire the formal International Standard 1999, Status early in 2000. Some work, on extensions in specific domains, is still in 2000. progress. progress. MPEGMPEG-4 builds on the proven success of three fields:  Digital television  Interactive graphics applications (synthetic content);  Interactive multimedia (World Wide Web, distribution of and access to content) MPEG-4 provides the standardized technological elements enabling the MPEGintegration of the production, distribution and content access paradigms of the three fields