Product Safety

Technical Seminar

-T.A. Crawford, P. Eng.

Created: October 19, 2000 Revised: January 30, 2003

Principles of Area Classification

Explosion
Bang or Muffled Whoosh

No Ignition

Typical Consequences of Accidental releases of Combustible Gas or Evaporating Liquid into the Atmosphere

Immediate Ignition

Fire No Damage

Release of Gas and/or Liquid Formation of Combustible Fuel-Air Cloud (premixed) Ignition Delayed Gas Explosion

Damage to personnel and Material

Fire

Fire and BLEVE (domino effects)

General Information on Explosions

Commonly involve toxic substances. Usually result in damaging fires. Often used in industry for constructive purposes. Pose significant hazards to workers: Detonation, Deflagation.

Detonation
A detonation wave is a supersonic (relative to the speed of sound in the unburned gas ahead of the wave) combustion wave. The shock wave and the combustion wave are in this case coupled. In a fuel-air cloud a detonation wave will propagate at a velocity of 1500-2000 m/s and the peak pressure is typically 15 to 20 bar.
6

Deflagration
The deflagration mode of flame propagation is the most common. A deflagration propagates at subsonic speed relative to the unburned gas, typical flame speeds (I.e. relative to a stationary observer) are from the order of 1 to 1000 m/s.The explosion pressure may reach values of several barg, depending on the flame speed.
7

Trouble in the Atmosphere

3 States of a substance- Solids, Liquids and Gases. Solids can cause problems where they are able to engulf a rescuer but are not common consideration in terms of atmospheric contamination. Liquids can often be the catalyst for or direct cause of dangerous fumes. Gases can be Toxic, flammable or explosive, light or heavy. An atmosphere could be 100% safe until you walk through one particular section and cause a rapid change in circumstances. Sample frequently in all parts of space-ground, middle and top.

What Oxygen Level Is Safe?

14%, 16%, 18.5%, 19.5%, 20.8%, 21.5%

Change is a concern: 14%, 16%, 18.5%, 19.5%, 20.8%, 21.5%

A 1.5% drop in Oxygen means that a whopping 7.5% of something else has gotten into that space.

10

The Effects of Oxygen at different partial pressures ( from ANSI Z82.2-1992)

%O2 at Sea Level 20.9 Atmospheric Pressure (mmHg) 760 Ambient Atmospheric ppO2 (mmHg) 159 Upper Lung (mmHg) 149
Alveolar (mmHg)

Equivalent Altitude (ft.) Sea Level Normal

Effects

110

19.0

689

145

135

95

2,500

Some adverse physiological effects occur, but they are unnoticeable.

16.0

581

121

114

70

7,500

Increased pulse and breathing rate. Impaired thinking and attention. Reduced coordination.

14.0

532

110

100

60

10,000

Abnormal fatigue upon exertion. Emotional upset. Faulty coordination. Poor judgment.

12.5

450

96

85

48

14,000

Very poor judgment and coordination. Impaired respiration that may cause permanent heart damage. Nausea and vomiting.

<10

<367

<81

<71

<33

<18,000

Inability to perform various movements. Loss of consciousness. Convulsions. Death.

11

Solid Materials
Phosphorus (white) Peat Sulphur Spruce Wood Brown Coal Hard Coal Sugar Tar Rye Flour 60C 230 C 250 C 280 C 250280 C 330440 C 410 C 500 C 500 C

12

Flammable and Combustible Liquids

National Fire Protection Association. Applies to the handling , storage, and use of flammable and combustible liquids with a flash point below 200F. Two primary hazards associated with flammable and combustible liquids are explosion and fire. Standards addresses primary concerns of design and construction, ventilation, ignition sources and storage. OSHAs specific requirements.

13

Boiling Point
The Boiling Point of a liquid at a pressure of 14.7 pounds/Square inch absolute (psia.) 760mm of Hg. At temperatures above the boiling point, the pressure of the atmosphere can no longer hold the liquid in the liquid state and bubbles begin to form. The lower the boiling point, the greater the vapour pressure at normal ambient temperatures and consequently the greater the fire risk.

14

Flash Point
The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapour within a test vessel in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid. The flash point is normally an indication of susceptibility to ignition. The expression low flash-high hazard applies.
15

Combustible Liquid
Any liquid having a flash point at or above 100F (37.8C.)

16

Flammable Liquid
Any liquid having a flash point below 100F (37.8C) or higher , the total of which make up 99% or more the total volume of the mixture.
17

Flash Point of a Few Common Liquids Liquid Propane Butane Ethyl Ether Gasoline Carbon Disulphide Acetone Benzene Methyl Ethyl Keytone (MEK) Heptane Toluene Methyl Alcohol Ethyl Alcohol Propyl Alcohol Jet Fuel (JP4) Turpentine Polyester Resin Diesel Fuel Kerosene Fuel Oil Ethyl Glycol Lubricating Oil Corn Oil Flash Point (rC) -104 -60 -45 -43 -30 -18 -11 -9 -4 4 11 12 15 18 35 38 40 51.6 80 111 149 254

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Classes
Classes of Flammable and Combustible Liquids as Defined in 29CFR 1910.106
F L A S H P O I N T (F) 200

IIIA
140

COMBUSTIBLE
(Flash Point =100F)

II
100

IC
73

FLAMMABLE
(Flash Point <100F)

IA

IB

100 BOILING POINT (F)

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Vapour Pressure
Measure of a liquids propensity to evaporate. The higher the vapour pressure, the more volatile the liquid and, thus, the more readily the liquid gives off vapours.
20

Types of Reaction

Flames: Exothermic chemical oxidation reactions in the

gaseous state. The oxidant usually is atmospheric air, which is supported by diffusion from the outside of the flame. Hence, the oxidation proceeds relatively slow.

21

Types of Reaction

Explosions: Occur if the flammable substance has been

premixed with the oxidant. It is possible in the gaseous, liquid or solid state. The chemical reaction proceeds much more violently, as temperatures rises more quickly. The initial pressure may increase tenfold.

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The Explosion Triangle

o er E x p lo s i v e i m it pper E x p lo s i v e i m it

IR

100

lo s iv e tm o s h e r e
$



IT I

! 

u e l/ a t io



  

T h e a m i

e F e l (i th e lo siv e a tm o s e lo siv e a tm t re ill o t

fo rm o f a g a s, v a o h ere. W h e th e ro os h ere h ic h c a ig ite t h a s th e o

r m ist o r st) a th e a ir to g e th e r fo r m a o te tia lly o r tio o f th e f e l a a ir is et ee c e r ta i lim its th e y fo r m e ig ite y a ig itio so rce. tsi e th e lim its, th e te tia l to o s o if th e r o o r tio ca cha ge.

$#

"

ir

23

Explosive Limits
The explosive range ill iden hen the initial temperature is increasing. hanges in initial pressure ill or hydrocarbons in air not change the LEL signi icantly, but the EL ill increase.
100
&

LEL
&

25C

Temperature

) 0

uel Concentration

Explosive

2 '

EL

ixt re toig itio

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Explosive Limits (Air/ Oxygen mixtures)

Chemical Ammonia Carbon Monoxide Hydrogen Methane Diethyl ether Propylene Explosive limit in Air 15.50 27.00 12.50 74.20 4.00 74.20 5.00 15.00 1.85 36.50 2.00 11.10 Explosive Limit in oxygen 13.50 79.00 15.50 93.90 4.65 93.90 5.40 59.20 2.10 82.00 2.10 52.80

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Gas Explosion
Process where combustion of a premixed gas cloud, i.e. fuel-air or fuel/oxidizer is causing a rapid increase in pressure.

26

27

28

Pressure Piling
ot Tur ule t ases Emerge ast r e ases Ig itio Flame Fro t arge ressure rop Causi g Cooli g

she hea

Internal xplosion ccurring at Centre o

nclosure

29

100

150

2nd Enclosure
80

100 1st Enclosure 50 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

60

Pressure Piling can increase the explosion pressure by up to 3 times in an explosionproof enclosure

40 20

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

Time-Seconds Pressure Traces for Two enclosure connected by Conduit Gas or Vapour
Acetylene Ethylene Propane Methane Hydrogen

Time-Seconds Explosion pressure Traces for Ignition by Switch Arc

EP (PSI)
149 129 125 104 102

TPP (MS)

14 25 46 70 7

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Effect of Temperature on Explosion Pressure

Testing at low temperature found that Pressure increased in direct proportion to the decrease in temperature. As temperature decreases, there is more gas and air in a given volume.

1000 9.8% Methane-Air 900 Single Chamber

800

700

600 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Temperature (C)

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Inertization
Means to reduce the oxygen concentration to a safe level LOC, Cmax(O2)
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Inertization (figures depend on pressure and temperature)

Examples Inert gas Hydrogen Petrol Methane Benzene Cmax(O2) N2 5.0 ~11.8 12.1 11.2 [% by moles] CO2 5.0 ~14.5 14.6 13.9

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Inertization

34

Propane
1.0

Ignition Curves and Minimum Ignition Energy Ethylene

0.1 MIE

Hydrogen

Intrinsically Safe Zone (Hydrogen)

Flammable Range

10 20

30

40

50

60

70 80 90

100

Concentration in Volume (%) Increasing the initial temperature of a flammable or combustible mixture will decrease the amount of energy required to cause an ignition. Temperature variation can also change the concentration of flammable materials in the mixture. Oxygen enrichment decreases the energy necessary for an ignition. MIE is inversely proportional to pressure squared. When examining a situation where the gas mixture is not at atmospheric pressure, one must consider whether a flammable mixture exists under higher-pressure conditions. When the mixture is at high pressure many flammable materials condense.

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Ignition Energy for Diethylether Mixtures

If we have a mixture of oxygen and diethyl ether, the molecules may react with each other if they get into a close-enough encounter, forming water and carbon monoxide. For this to happen, a certain amount of energy has to be delivered in a sufficient volume and in a sufficiently short time. Oxygen

10-2

Atmospheric Air

10-3

10-4

10-5

10-6 0 10 20 30 40 Ether Vapour (%) The curve corresponding to atmospheric air is very narrow. This means that as soon as you move slightly outside the most easily ignited mixture (6% ether), the necessary energy is much higher. It is therefore possible only in a very small region to cause the vapour to ignite by a 0.2 mJ spark. On the other hand, somewhere between the surface of the mixture, where the mixture is to rich, to perhaps a couple of feet away, where the mixture is too lean, well find the most volatile mixture. However, for a concentration of approximately 16% ether vapour in pure oxygen, it takes only about 1 QJ to start an explosion.

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Causes of explosions
Heavy concentrations of fuel. Highly heated flammable gas mixture. Presence of a strong oxidizer. Increase in pressure. Detonation charge. Catalyst near reactive substance.
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Ignition Sources
Electrical arcs Electrical sparks Flames Hot surfaces Static electricity Mechanical impact Mechanical friction Compression ignition Ionizing radiation Acoustic energy Electromagnetic radiation including optical frequencies

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Common sources of release

Packing seals on pumps, control valves and similar devices. Stems of valves that are frequently operated. Drains and overflows. Vents for tanks containing flammable liquids. Sampling points. Pressure relieving devices. Filter presses, ovens, dryers and spraying areas. Bottom unloading tanks with hoses having non-permanent connections. Freshly mined coal. Fueling locations for vehicles and aircraft. Loading and unloading locations for tankers.

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Environmental conditions Affecting Classification

Elevation of the source of release. Indoor locations without adequate ventilation. Indoor locations with adequate ventilation-normally 6 changes of air per hour. Outdoor locations with restricted ventilation. Outdoor locations with unrestricted ventilation. Below grade locations with a heavier-than-air gas or vapour. Covered outdoor locations with a lighter-than-air gas.
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Properties Affecting the Explosion Hazard

Flash point. Vapour density (molecular weight.) Boiling point (volatility.) Handling temperature. Auto ignition temperature. Ease of ignition (by spark or flame.)

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Classification Considerations
The likelihood that the explosive gas atmosphere is present when the equipment is operating. The ignition-related properties of the explosive gas atmosphere. The maximum surface temperature of the equipment under normal operating conditions; and The protection method(s) used by the equipment to prevent ignition of the surrounding atmosphere.
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Classes
Hazardous Location
Hazardous location means premises, buildings, or parts thereof in which there exists the hazard of fire or explosion due to the fact that: (a) Highly flammable gases, flammable liquids, mixtures, or other highly flammable substances are manufactured or used or stored in other than original containers; (b) Combustible dust or flyings are likely to be present in quantities sufficient to produce an explosive or combustible mixture or it is impracticable to prevent such dust or flyings from collecting in or upon motors or other electrical equipment in such quantities as to produce overheating through normal radiation being prevented, or from being deposited upon incandescent lamps; (c) Easily ignitable fibres or materials producing combustible flyings are manufactured, handled, or used in a free open state; or (d) Easily ignitable fibres or materials producing combustible flyings are stored in bales or containers but are not manufactured or handled in a free open state. In both Canada and the United States, there are three classes of hazardous locations. They are as follows: Class I- A location where there is a danger of explosion due to the presence of a flammable gas or vapour. Class II- A location where there is a danger of explosion due to the presence of a flammable dust. Class III- A location where there is a danger of explosion or flash fire due to the presence of flammable fibres or flyings.

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Divisions/Zones
CEC/NEC Division Classification Class I, Division 1: Where ignitable concentrations can exist under normal operating conditions; may exist frequently because of repair, maintenance or leakage; or may exist due to breakdown of equipment in conjunction with an electrical failure. IEC Zone Classification Class I, Zone 0: Where ignitable concentrations are present continuously or for long periods of time. Class I, Zone 1: Where ignitable concentrations are likely to exist under normal operations; may exist frequently because of repair, maintenance or leakage; may exists due to breakdown of equipment in conjunction with an electrical failure; or adjacent to Class I, Zone 0 locations. Class I, Zone 2: Where ignitable concentrations are not likely to exist in normal operation or may exist for a short time only; where volatile flammable liquids are stored, etc. in closed containers; where ignitable concentrations are normally prevented by positive pressure ventilation; or adjacent to Class I, Zone 1 locations.

Class I, Division 2: Where volatile flammable liquids are stored, etc. in closed containers; where ignitable concentrations are normally prevented by positive pressure ventilation; or adjacent to Class I, Division 1 locations.

44

Ignition-related Properties
Maximum Experimental safe Gap. Minimum Igniting Current or Ratio. Minimum Ignition Energy. Test or estimate using the Le Chateliers Principle. Results found in NFPA 497.
45

Gases and Vapours

3 4

Gas cetylene Hydrogen thylene ropane Coal ines

8 6 5 3

CEC/ EC Co e Group Group Group C Group Gaseous ines

IEC Co e Group IIC Group II + H2 Group II Group II Group 1

46

Temperature Code
IEC Temperature Co e T1 T2 Temperature, C 450 300 280 260 230 215 200 180 165 160 135 120 100 85 North merica Temperature Co e T1 T2 T2 T2 T2C T2 T3 T3 T3 T3C T4 T4A T5 T6
9 A 9 @ @

T3

T4 T5 T6

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Common Gas Characteristics

Group A B C C C D D D D D D Gas or Vapour Acetylene Hydrogen Diethyl ether Ethylene Hydrogen Sulphide Ammonia Butane Gasoline Methane Carbon Monoxide Propane LEL (%) 2.5 4.0 1.9 3.1 4.3 15.0 1.9 1.4 5.3 12.5 2.2 UEL (%) 80.0 75.0 48.0 32.0 45.0 28.0 8.5 7.6 15 74.2 9.5 SIT (C) 299 550 160 435 260 651 372 215 537 605 493

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Hazardous Dust
The classi ication o areas containing dusts, ibres, and lyings is some hat di erent rom that o r gases and vapours. In orth America the classi ication o r Hazardous Dust, Class II, and Hazardous ibres, Class III, is urther divide into t o Divisions. Hazardous Dust has material roups assigned, as ell. Classificatio
H F C E B B BB F B B B B C B D E B B

ivisio s Co itio s Dust or ibres and lyings in u spension etal Dust in uspension or ettled on ur aces ther Dusts or ibres and lyings ettled on Horizontal ur aces
B P P P E P B P E E P E

Classificatio Division 1 Division 1 Division 2

aterial etal Dust Coal Dust rain and lastic Dust ibres and lyings
E I G

Category Class II, roup Class II, roup Class II, roup Class III

F Q G

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Hazardous Dust Europe

Zone 20: An area in which combustible dust, as a cloud, is present continuously or frequently, during normal operation, in sufficient quantity to be capable of producing an explosible concentration of combustible dust in mixture with air. Zone21: An area not classified as Zone 20 in which combustible dust, as a cloud, is likely to occur during normal operation, in sufficient quantities to be capable of producing an explosible concentration of combustible dust in mixture with air. Zone 22: An area not classified as Zone 21 in which combustible dust, as a cloud, can occur infrequently, and persist only for short period, or in which accumulations or layers of combustible dust can give rise to an explosive concentration of combustible dust in mixture with air. Zones 21 and 22 are very similar to our Division 1 and 2, respectively, and Zone 20, like Zone 0 for gases and vapours, is a new concept in North America. The new Zone 20 is intended to cover locations such as the inside of hoppers, silos, cyclones, filters, dust transport systems, blenders, mills, dryers, and bagging equipment; areas in which a dust cloud is almost always present.

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Common Dust Characteristics

G roup Dust Cloud IT(C) A inium lum 650 agnesium 620 ranium 20 Coal itts 610 Coal D ( ) Coal it ( ask) Coal Dip (A B) Coal Cau (A B) A al a l 460 Co ee 410 Cornstarch 380 W heat 480 W heat lour 380 olyurethane 550 ayer IT(C) 760 490 100 180 160 160 180 200 200 220 200 220 360 390
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Methods of Protection
Type of Protection Flameproof (Explosion-Proof) Intrinsic Safety ( 2-fault) Intrinsic Safety (1-fault) Pressurization Increased Safety Oil Immersed Powder Filled Encapsulated Zone 2 Apparatus Special Protection Identification d ia ib p e o q m n s

52

Protection Methods In Use

Portables are Intrinsically safe. Fixed Equipment is either Intrinsically Safe or Flameproof. Fixed Equipment may also involve a third type of protection known as Increased Safety.

53

Approved Flameproof Protection Method Installation

Division or Zone Boundary Remote Sensor

Conduit or Approved Hazardous Location Cable must have approved Sealing Fittings within 18 (450 mm) of an arcing device, and at Boundaries. Hazardous Location Cable and Sealing Fittings must be approved for the Hazardous Location where it is to be installed. Only use the Manufactures approved Epoxy.

Approved Sealing Fitting

54

Non-incendive Protection Method and Flameproof Enclosure Installation

Class I, Division 2 Boundary Standard Electrical Box Non-hazardous ..approved Wiring Method

Non-hazardous Location

Remote Sensor

Control Room Equipment

Non-incendive Barrier
Approved Sealing Fitting

Ex n Barriers

Flameproof Gas Detector

Non-hazardous approved Wiring Method

Non-Incendive for installation in Division 2 Locations when both the input power and relay outputs are connected to Non-Incendive sources not to exceed 32V dc (Power Input) and 24V dc (Relay Output.)

55

Intrinsic Safety Installation

Hazardous location Non-hazardous Location

I.S. Transmitter I.S. Barrier

Control Room Equipment

Conduit or other Enclosure I.S. Sensor

Approved Sealing Fitting

56

Intrinsic Safety Installation Associated equipment

Hazardous location Non-hazardous Location

I.S. Transmitter

Approved Associated Control Room Equipment I.S. Outputs

Conduit or other Enclosure I.S. Sensor

Approved Sealing Fitting

57

Intrinsic Safety Installation with Explosion-proof Enclosure

Hazardous location I.S. Barrier Non-hazardous Location

Transmitter

Control Room Equipment

Explosion-proof Enclosure Explosion-proof Conduit I.S. Sensor

Conduit or other Enclosure

Approved Sealing Fitting

58

Safety Barriers
Intrinsically Safe [Ex I] method of protection
I.S. Barrier
Required

Ex ia [2 fault]
Class I, Division 1,Zone 0, Zone 1 [I.S. Plant Rat needs 1, RigRat II needs 8.] Class I, Division 2, Zone 2

Ex ib [1 fault]
Class I, Zone 1

Not Required

Class I, Division 2, Zone 2

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Protection Method Ex ib is not allowed in a Class I, Division 1 or Zone 0 Area. BW Technologies Intrinsically safe detectors are approved Ex ia method. Barriers are usually mounted in Control Rooms outside industrial areas. In cases of installation of barriers in a hazardous area, they must be mounted in an enclosure which is suitability certified for the degree of hazard encountered. European Standards do not allow I.S. Barrier installation in Zone 0. Sealing Fittings are required where I.S. wiring crosses Divisions, Zones, or Non-hazardous locations. Sealing Fittings are required within 18 inches of all ports of a Flameproof Enclosure.

59

I.S. Barrier
Two types of certified systems: Loop Approval and Entity Approval. Three types of I.S. Barriers: Grounded Safety Barrier, Grounded Repeater and Ungrounded Repeater. The wiring method must meet the requirement for ordinary locations for the class of circuit defined.

Limiting Energy
I.S. Barrier Open Circuit Voltage, Voc Short Circuit Current, Isc Allowed Capacitance, Ca Capacitance Allowed Inductance, La Inductance Field Device Vmax, Maximum Voltage Allowed Imax, Maximum Current Allowed Ci, Internal Li, Internal

Ca and La include the Capacitance and Inductance of Cables.

60

Class I Protection
Protection Techniques Vs Zones and Divisions for Class I (Gases and Vapours) Equipment CSA/UL/IEC Standard CSA/UL National Standard Permissible Protection Techniques Permissible Protection Techniques Zone 0: Division 1: Ex ia (Intrinsic Safety, 2-fault) Intrinsic Safety (Ex ia) Zone 1: Explosion-Proof Ex ib (Intrinsic Safety, 1-fault) Purged and Pressurized Ex d (Flameproof) Ex e (Increased Safety) Ex o (Oil Immersed) All Division 1 Ex p (Purged and Pressurized) Ex q (Power Filled) Ex m (Encapsulated)

All Zone 1
Those permitted for Division 1 Zone 2: Ex n (non-sparking/non-ignition-capable) Division 2: Non-ignition-capable arcing parts Non-ignition-capable heating parts Non-incendive

Those permitted for Division 2.

Notes: 1. Equipment suitable for Zone 0 is also suitable for Zone 1 and Zone 2. 2. Equipment suitable for Zone 1 is also suitable for Zone 2.

Those permitted for Zone 1 and 2, except Ex d that contains incendive normally arcing and sparking, or heated parts. Note: Equipment suitable for Division 1 is also suitable for Division 2.

61

Flameproof Gas Detector or other Ex d Device

Hazardous Zone Installation

[Flameproof /Increased Safety Design]

Approved Controller or other Device

If in Zone 2, install Sealing Fitting at Entries of arcing devices.

Approved Nipple Fitting Approved Sealing Fitting Installed within 18' (450mm) of the Ex d or Arcing Device.

Zone 2 or NonHazardous Zone

Approved Ex e Fitting

Approved Sealing Fitting required where any Cable crosses into another Classification Boundary.

Notes:
1. Hazardous Location Cable and Sealing Fittings must be approved for the Hazardous Zone where it is installed. 2. Flameproof Sealing Fittings are required on the Increased Safety [Ex e] Enclosure if there are normally arcing parts inside the box. Otherwise approved Compression fittings that maintain the Ingress Protection rating of the Ex e Enclosure must be used to seal the Cable. 3. Ex d and Ex e protection methods are not to be used in a Zone 0 area.

Approved Ex e Fitting

Ex e Increased Safety Box ith Ex e terminals inside The Enclosure

Approved Nipple Fitting

Ex d Flameproof Enclosure containing Arcing Device

Cables to other Devices

Approved Sealing Fitting Ex e Increased Safety Box with no arcing parts

Approved Ex e Fitting

62

Protection for Class II & III

Protection Techniques Vs Divisions for Class II (Dust) Equipment Area Protection Method Division 1 Dust-ignitionproof Intrinsic Safety Pressurized Division 2 Dusttight Non-incendive Non-sparking Pressurized Any Class II, Division 1 method. Protection Techniques Vs Divisions for Class III (Fibres and Flyings) Equipment Area Protection Method Division 1 Dusttight Intrinsic Safety Division 2 Dusttight Intrinsic Safety

63

II 1 G
Equipment Marking
EEx ia d s IIC T6 T amb. -40C Ta 50C Class I, Gr. A, B, C, D Max. Amb: 50C. EEx d IIB H2 T3 T amb. -40C Ta 50C AEx d IIB H2 T3 T amb. -40C Ta 50C Class I, Div. 1, Gr. B, C, D T3C Max. Amb. 50C Class I, Zone 1, Gr. IIB H2 T3C Max. Amb. : 50C
64

II 1 G
ATEX Directive
65

Equipment Marking

EEx ia d s IIC T6 T Amb. -40C

Ta

50C

Class I, Div. 1, Gr. A, B, C, D max. Amb. 50C

66

Equipment Marking

EEx d IIB H2 T3 T Amb. -40C AEx d IIB H2 T3 T Amb. -40C

Ta Ta

50C 50C

67

Equipment Marking

Class I, Div. 1, Gr. B, C, D T3C Max. Amb.; 50C Class I, Zone 1, Gr. IIB H2 T3 Max. Amb.; 50C

68

The purpose of electrical apparatus designed to minimize the risk of ignition is to allow industry to handle situations where electrical power and signals can be used in hazardous atmospheres. The risk posed is never considered to be eliminated as this would be impossible to guarantee. The risk must be lowered to levels that are deemed acceptable by the law, and all interested parties in Safety. It is the consequences of an industrial explosion that are potentially catastrophic and therefore cannot be ignored.

69