Kingdom Fungi

The characteristics of fungi The evolution of the fungi Fungal classification Fungal life styles

All photographsin this presentation Pearson Education or Fred M. Rhoades

The Characteristics of Fungi

Fungi are NOT plants Hyphae = tubular units of construction Heterotrophic by absorption Reproduce by spores Ecologically pivotal roles

Hyphae

Tubular Hard wall of chitin Crosswalls may form compartments ( cells) Multinucleate Grow at tips

Heterotrophic by Absorption

Fungi get carbon from organic sources Hyphal tips release enzymes Enzymatic breakdown of substrate Products diffuse back into hyphae

Nucleus hangs back and directs

Product diffuses back into hypha and is used

Modifications of hyphae
Fig 30.2 (dont worry about the terms)

Hyphal growth

Hyphae grow from their tips Mycelium = extensive, feeding web of hyphae Mycelia are the ecologically active bodies of fungi
This wall is rigid Only the tip wall is plastic and stretches

Video of time lapse growth in a Zygomycote, Phycomyces

Reproduce by spores
Spores are reproductive cells
* Sexual * Asexual

Formed:
* Directly on hyphae * Inside sporangia * Fruiting bodies

Penicillium hyphae Pilobolus sporangia Amanita fruiting body

Hyphal growth from spore

germinating spore mycelium

Mycelia have a huge surface area

Fig 31.1

fruiting bodies

both are composed of hyphae

mycelium

Fungal Ecology

Saprobes
* Decomposers * Mostly of plants, some animals

Parasites
* Harm host * Mostly on plants, some animals

Mutualists
* Lichens * Mycorrhizas * Others

Evolution of the fungi

Fig 28.8

asci zygosporangia motile spores

basidia

Classification & Phylogeny

Fig 31.4

Chytridiomycota chytrids

Simple fungi Produce motile spores Mostly saprobes and parasites in aquatic habitats Could just as well be Protists

Fig 31.5 Chytridium growing on spores

Zygomycota zygote fungi

Sex - zygosporangia Asex - common Hyphae have no cross

walls Grow rapidly
Fig 31.6 Rhizopus on strawberries

Mycorrhizas

Sexual zygsporangium with one zygospore

Asexual sporangium with spores inside

Fig 31.7 Life cycle of Rhizopus

You are not responsible for this life cycle Life cycle is predominantly haploid

Ascomycota sac fungi

Sex. asci Asex. common Cup fungi, morels, truffles Important plant parasites & saprobes Yeast - Saccharomyces Most lichens A cluster of asci with spores inside

Sac fungi diversity

Note general comments
about habitats and roles Enjoy looking at some amazing organisms This smaller-sized PPT file lacks diversity slides

Basidiomycota club fungi

Sex basidia Asex not so common Long-lived dikaryotic mycelia Rusts & smuts primitive plant parasites Mushrooms, polypores, puffballs Enzymes decompose wood Mycorrhizas

SEM of basidia and spores

haploid mycelium

Hyphal fusion mycelium and fruiting of haploid body are dikaryotic mycelia

Mushroom Life Cycle

N Meiosis 2N N+N Nuclear fusion in basidium young basidia - the only diploid cells Fig 31.12

Club fungi diversity

Check out Taylor Lockwoods , Treasures from the Kingdom Fungi! This smaller-sized PPT file lacks diversity slides

 Yeasts Molds Mycorrhizas A rust growing Lichens on acurrant leaf

0.5 cm

Yeasts

Single celled fungi Adapted to liquids
* Plant saps * Water films * Moist animal tissues

Saccharomyces

Candida

Schizosaccharomyces octospora fermenter of Palm Wine

10 m

Molds

Rapidly growth Asexual spores Many human importances
* Food spoilage * Food products * Antibiotics, etc.

Noble Rot - Botrytis

Fig 31.21 Antibiotic activity

Mycorrhizas

Fungus roots Mutualism between:
* Fungus (nutrient & water uptake for plant) * Plant (carbohydrate for fungus)

Several kinds
* Zygomycota hyphae invade root cells * Ascomycota & Basidiomycota hyphae invade root but dont penetrate cells

Extremely important ecological role of fungi!

Ectomycorrhizas

Russula
mushroom mycorrhizas on Western Hemlock root

Mycorrhiza cross sections

Fungal hyphae around root and between cells

Lichens

Mutualism between
* Fungus structure * Alga or cyanobacterium provides food

Form a thallus
* Foliose * Fruticose * Crustose
Fig 31.16

Lichen internal structure

Fig 31.17

Lobaria

Lichens as biomonitors

Thalli act like sponges Some species more sensitive Which species are present can indicate air quality (Most resistant species can also be analyzed for pollutants) Northwest Air Net Project
* Species chart * Table of sensitivities

Lichen diversity
Check out my 3-D cryptogam site
! More pictures of:
* * * * Lichens Mushrooms Bryophytes Slime molds

This smaller-sized PPT file

lacks diversity slides