Masters Degree Paper A Lingusitic Approach to Political Discourse/ Abordarea Lingvistica a Discursului Politic

Lupan Mariana, 262MP Conducator stiintific Gabriela Saganean

Scopul Principal al lucrarii:

De a oferi o introducere importanta in domeniul discursului politic si analiza acestuia. Teza de Master are drept scop reliefarea particularitatilor lingvistice ale discursului politic (vom folosi pe viitor abr. DP), intemeiat pe diferitele ipoteze ale lingvistilor din dom. Analizei Critice a Discursului(ACD). Vom discuta variatele strategii si principalele caracteristici folosite in DP-e.

Obiectivele Tezei sunt:

De a Realiza o cercetare amanuntita in domeniul DP; De a Explica modul cum apar DP-e in cadrul limbii; Dezvaluirea caracteristicilor DP; De a Determina legatura dintre putere si politica cu Textul si vorbirea din domeniul ADP;

 De a Exemplifica cele mai des utilizate figuri de stil din cadrul DP, precum metaforele, personificarile, eufemismele, rolul sloganelor, etc.; De a Analiza principiile si metodele utilizate in sfera Discursului Politic.

Urmatoarele Metode de Cercetare au fost folosite la elaborarea Prezentei Teze de Master:

Metoda Bibliografica (peste 60 de autori, multe adrese electronice Metoda Istorica (am descris evolutia DP in diverse perioade) Metoda Analitica (am alizat diferite texte, DP-e, aspectele lingvistice ale acestora) Metoda Sintezei ( am adunat totalitatea faptelor din domeniul DP, principiile si practicile din domeniu selectat), etc.

DEFINI II: DISCURSUL si ANALIZA DISCURSULUI

Discursul poate fi definit ca ansamblu de enunturi ale unui emitator, care se refera la un subiect unic. Din perspectiva pragmatica, discursul reprezinta o enuntare ce presupune un locutor si un auditor, precum si intentia locutorului de a-l influenta pe celalalt (Benveniste). Term. discurs intra ntr-o serie de opozitii n care ia valori semantice precise.(Discurs vs: fraza, limba, enunt, text)

Ca si term. DISCURS, term. ANALIZA DISCURSULUI cunoaste mai multe sensuri, nu ntotdeauna precise sau delimitate clar. Acceptiunea cea mai larga priveste analiza discursului drept analiza a uzului limbii (Brown si Yule) sau Studiul uzajului real al limbajului de catre locutori reali n situatii reale (Van Dijk). n viziunea lui Maingueneau, textul rep-ta obiectul de studiu al lingvisticii textuale; n timp ce discipline ca sociologia sau etnologia studiaza locul social. A.D. se va situa deci ntr-o pozitie transdisciplinara, n care va ncerca sa armonizeze diverse perspective. Textul si locul social sunt precum partile recto si verso ale unei foi de hrtie: discursul va reprezenta deci un text, un loc social si un mod de enuntare care le articuleaza.

Ce reprezinta de fapt un DISCURS POLITIC??? Term. D.P. acopera diferite moduri in care limbajul si datele politice pot fi folosite, de la conversatiile obisnuite la prezentari formale ale sefilor de stat si de guverne, de la articole jurnalistice la acte si legi ale Parlamentului, de la simple statistici in jurnale la analize complexe ale agentiilor guvernamentale.

Exista 2 mari abordari ale Discursului Politic:

Din perspectiva Analizei Critice a Discursului unde acesta este considerat un fenomen extra lingvistic in care factorii politici, culturali si sociali domina asupra naturii lngvistice a discursului. Iar cea de-a 2-a perspectiva este ABORDAREA LINGVISTICA A DISCURSULUI. Aici contextul intelegerii limbii si a textelor din domeniul politic este interpretat in termeni de continut lingvistic a discursului. Deci structurile semantice si sintactice ale limbii pot determina comportamentul, opiniile si relatiile dintre oameni.

Aceast Tez de Master ne va permite s observ m modurile n care se manipuleaz cu selectarea limbajului pentru atingerea unui anumit rezultat politic. La nivelul selec iei lexicale exist studii axate pe anumite fenomene precum cuvintele cu mai multe sensuri, cuvintele tehnice, metafore, personficari i eufemisme, simboluri, etc. In capit. II al lucrarii am analizat figurile de stil cele mai semnificative ale unor personalitati marcante precum: R. Reagan, M. Luther King, H. R. Clinton, B. Obama. Deci vom oferi citeva dintre cele mai interesante exemple din discursurile politice selectate:

Metafora in Discurs:
H.R.Clinton It Takes a Village to Raise a Child Speech Our daughter, Chelsea, will graduate from college in 2001, at the dawn

of the next century. is time

I believe that, on the eve of a new millennium, it time job

to break our silence. , raising kids is a fullO alta figura de stil des utilizata in discursurile lui H. Clinton este repetitia, procedeu sintactic important:

It is a violation of human rights when women. It is a violation of human rights when individual women are raped in It is a violation of human rights when a leading cause of death It is a violation of human rights
when young girls are brutalized by the painful and degrading practice of genital mutilation.

That is why every woman, every man, every child, every family, and every nation on our planet has a stake in the discussion that takes place here. enumerare cu repetitie It is conferences like this that compel governments and people everywhere to listen, look and face the world's most pressing problems. cleft sentence, fenomen gramatical. Verbele modale se refera la atitudinea sau opinia despre veridicitatea unei propozitii. Potrivit statisticilor acestea ocupa 0.8% dintr-un discurs. Now the country must take the next ,but your daughter shouldn't have to lose her doctor, too , I wish - I wish we could be sitting around a kitchen table , That's why home nurses can make such a difference to parents who may not have grandparents or aunts and uncles around to help. We have to do whatever it takes to help

Discursul To Restore America, R. Reagan

But, in fact, things seem just about as they were back in the 1972 election year. Inflation had been running at round 6 percent. Unemployment about 7 [percent]. Remember, too, the upsurge and the optimism lasted through the election year and into 1973. And then the roof fell in. Once again we had unemployment. Only this time not 7 percent, more than 10. And inflation wasnt 6 percent, it was 12 percent. Now, in this election year 1976 - folosirea multor cifre, p-u a a parea convingator Antiteze And were not going to have real prosperity or recovery until we stop fighting the symptoms and start fighting the disease.

I had never in my life thought of seeking or holding public of office and Im still not quite sure how it all happened. In my own mind, I was a citizen representing my fellow citizens against the institution of government. I turned to the people, not to politicians for help. Instead of a committee to screen applicants for jobs, I had a citizens recruiting committee, and I told this committee I wanted an administration made up of men and women who did not want government careers and whod be the first to tell me if their government job was unnecessary. And I had that happen.folosirea pronumelui eu, al meu/mea

Metafore interesante Were Americans and we have a rendezvous with destiny. Back in those dark depression days I saw my father on a Christmas Eve It was born of a hope that we could increase understanding and reduce prejudice and antagonism. (antiteza, metafora) Epitete: Divine purpose , the last island of freedom, the dust bin of history , etc. Discursul lui M.L. King I Have a Dream
This momentous decree came as a great beacon light

of

hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice.

Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to open the doors of opportunity to all of Gods children. Now is the time
to lift our nation repetitia si metafora

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia I have a dream that one day ... I have a dream that my I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day the state of Alabama, whose governors lips are presently .... I have a dream today. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted,
Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking

from

the cup of bitterness and hatred. chains of discrimination, a lonely island of poverty, and a vast ocean of material prosperity, metafore

De o analiza mai vasta se bucura citeva din discursurile lui B. Obama Metaforele inunda Discursurile lui B. Obama: Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often, the oath is taken amidst gathering

clouds and raging storms.

Patruzeci si patru de americani au depus pana acum juramantul prezidential. Cuvintele au fost rostite in timpuri de prosperitate si de pace. Totusi, nu de putine ori acest juramant a fost depus in timp ce se adunau nori si planau furtuni. unele metafore din engleza se pierd in procesul traducerii

For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life. For us, they toiled in sweatshops, and settled the West, endured the lash of the whip, and plowed the hard earth. Pentru noi, ei si-au impachetat cele cateva lucruri si din lumea larga au traversat oceanul in cautarea unei vieti noi. Pentru noi, ei au trudit si au pus bazele Occidentului, au indurat muscatura biciului si au tras brazde in pamantul batatorit. metafora s-a pastrat And those of us who manage the publics dollars will be held to account, to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do

our

business in the light of day, because only then can we

restore the vital trust between a people and their government. Unde raspunsul este nu, se vor incheia programe. Iar cei dintre noi care gestioneaza dolarii populatiei vor fi trasi la raspundere - sa-i cheltuiasca intelept, sa schimbe proastele obiceiuri si sa recupera increderea vitala dintre popor si guvernul sau.

faca

afacerile la lumina zilei - pentru ca numai atunci vom putea

Verbele Modale

1) because they believed that this time must be different, that their voices could be that difference. (2) The road ahead will be long. Our climb will be steep. We may not get there in one year or even in one term. But, America, I have never been more hopeful than I am tonight that we will get there. (3) And to those Americans whose support I have yet to earn, I may not have won your vote tonight, but I hear your voices. I need your help. And I will be your president, too. (4) We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us togetherWe will harness the sun and the winds .. All this we can do. All this we will do.

ANALIZA TEXTUALA DISCURSIVA A LUI B.OBAMA



in sweatshops, and settled the West, endured the lash of the whip, and plowed the hard earth. For us, they fought and died in places like Concord and Gettysburg, Normandy and Khe Sahn.

1) Salutul My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust youve bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. 2) Exprimarea multumirii/recunostintei si distinctiile I thank President Bush for his service to our nation as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition. 3) Bilantul realizarilor SUA din trecut/istoria SUA Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often, the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. For us, they toiled

4) Prezentarea situatiei contemporane acasa si in lumea intreaga * 5) prezentarea politicilor interne si externe ale noului guvern 6) speranta la un viitor mai bun si prosper al tarii 7) Apelarea la Dumnezeu si binecuvintare Thank you. God bless you. And God bless the United States of America.

Terminologia politica, invazia ei in limba Romna Rom

IMPRUMUTURI:

First lady- prima doamna ladypolitical correctness - corectitudine politic watchdogswatchdogs- cini de paz ai democra iei moneymoney-laundering sp larea de bani Shadow cabinet-cabinet/guvernul din cabinetumbra CALCHIERI: LeaderLeader-lider, meeting-miting, staff, meetingspeech, speaker, congressaman

Traducerea Titlurilor, Ierarhia Adresarilor

Maiestate Imperiala/Regala/Ap ostolica

Her Imperial/ Royal/ Apostolic Majesty

Excelenta Sa Onorabil/Distins

Your Highness Your Excellency Your Honorable My Fellow Citizens

Alteta/Inaltimea Sa

Dragi compatrioti

Rolul Sloganelor in Disc.Politic



Its time - Gough Whitlam 1975  Its the economy, stupid - Bill Clinton 1992  Its Time to Change America  Ask not what your country can do for you John F. Kennedy 1960  Yes, America Can! - 2004 U.S. presidential campaign slogan of

Yes We Can - 2008 U.S. presidential campaign slogan of Barack Obama.  Change We Can Believe In - 2008 U.S. presidential campaign slogan of Barack Obama.


Concluzii
Discursul Politic va ramine o tema deschisa viitoarelor cercetari. Scopul celor ce audiaza DP este de a descoperi sensul si intentiile reale ale vorbitorilor ce se ascund in spatele cuvintelor frumoase si uneori atit de bine camuflate!!!

VA MULTUMESC PENTRU ATENTIE ! ! !