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Chapter Objectives
Explain amplitude, frequency and phase shift modulation Give an example of a modulation technique used in modems Discuss modem standards
Communication, compression etc.
Continued
Chapter Modules
Amplitude modulation Frequency and phase shift modulation Modems and modulation FM modulation in modems Speed of modulated signals Analog-to-digital modulation Digital-to-digital interfacing
Overview
Digital-to-analog modulation
Computer-to-telephone interface
Analog-to-digital modulation
Digitization of audio
Digital-to-digital interface
Computer-to-ISDN interface
Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Overview of Modulation
Serial link RS -232 Computer Modem Phone Line RJ-11
Digital
Analog
Amp. 1
Amp. 2
Usage
Amplitude is susceptible to interference
This technique in not normally used in modems
Carrier Wave
Modulated Amplitude
End of Module
Module
Frequency Modulation
Freq. 1
Freq. 2
Usage
Variations in frequency are easy to detect
They are less susceptible to interference
FM and variations of this technique are used in modems Easy to implement full duplex transmission under FM A variation of the FM technique described here is used in FM radio transmission
F1 0 A
F2 1
F3 0
F4 1 B
Full-duplex Communication
End of Module
Module
Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Modulation
90
180
270
180
End of Module
Module
FM Modulation in Modems
Module Objectives
Explain the basic concept of modem communication Provide an example of frequency modulation used in modems Discuss the importance of call mode setting
Call mode and receive mode settings
F1 0 A
F2 1
F3 0
F4 1 B
Full-duplex Communication
FM Details
Different frequencies are used for transmission At node A
F1 for 0 F2 for 1
At node B
F3 for 0 F4 for 1
In general
Set the home computer on the call mode
Fortunately, in a number of cases, the modems poll and set themselves dynamically for communication between the receiver and the sender
End of Module
Module
In general, the terms used for measuring speed are bps and Baud The former is being used more widely than the latter bps is the accurate measure of the speed of communication In the past, Baud was being used interchangeable with bps
Both are not interchangeable
Overview
1 Second
0 0
01
10
11
bps = 2 Baud = 1
Frequency Representation
Bits 00 01 10 11 Frequency 1 2 3 4
In Summary
bps measures the speed of communication correctly in bits per second Baud indicates he number of times the state of a signal changes in one second
End of Module
Module
Modem Standards
Modem Standardization
The International body that standardizes the modulation technique is known as the ITU ITU is also responsible for setting standards pertaining to:
Error correction Data compression
Error correction
ITU V.42 MNP 5
Data compression
ITU V.42 bis MNP 2 to 4
A Bell modem cannot communicate with a CCITT modem Bell standard at that time was used predominantly in the US Today, all modems fall under the ITU specifications
In Summary
ITU specified protocols with respect to modems exist for the following.
Modulation Error correction Data compression
Different protocols apply to different speeds of communication A high speed modem can communicate with a low speed modem
End of Module
Module
Analog-to-Digital Mapping
Digitize
Encode
Modulation Techniques
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM)
110
001
101
Generate digital pulses of duration proportional to the amplitude of the analog signal at the sampling point Encode the information into binary form
Reference
More information on Asynchronous Transmission
End of Module
Module
Digital-to-Digital Interfacing
Module Objectives
Explain the difference between signal modulation (conversion) and digital-todigital signal transformation Explain the concept of digital-to-digital interfacing using ISDN as an example Provide a summary of the different modulation processes
Overview
Analog-to-Digital signal conversion requires modulation Digital-to-Digital interfacing Requires conversion and not modulation In this case, digital signals are converted from one digital format to another digital format Hence, the need for an interface unit even though the signals at both ends are represented in digital form An example is the Computer-to-ISDN link
Digital-to-Digital Interfacing
Digital RS232C Digital ISDN Phone Line ISDN Adapter
Computer
Summary of Modulation
Digital-to-analog FM used in modems Analog-to-digital PAM and PCM used in the digitization of audio Analog-to-analog AM used in radio transmission Digital-to-digital This is not a modulation process Used by the ISDN interface to the computer Used in DSL communication
End of Modulation
END OF CHAPTER