Integration of Metabolism: Review of Roles of Systems in Muscle Contraction

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Figure 25-1: Energy metabolism in skeletal muscle

Energy for Skeletal Muscle Contraction

ATP & ADP Phosphocreatine Aerobic paths Anaerobic paths (glycolytic metabolism)

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Sustaining Muscle contractions: ATP Sources/Time

Phosphocreatine: Short bursts at maximal effort Anaerobic: Intermediate duration intense effort Aerobic: Long duration at reduced effort

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sustaining Muscle contractions: ATP Sources/Time

Figure 25-2: Speed of ATP production compared with ability to sustain maximal muscle activity
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hormonal regulation of Energy Source for ATP Production

(Huge body reserves glucose 2000 & FFAs 70,000 Kcal) Exercise intensity Glucose Fatty acids

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hormonal regulation of Energy Source for ATP Production

Metabolic Shifts Glucagon Cortisol Epinep./NE GH (insulin)

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Hormonal regulation of Energy Source for ATP Production

Figure 25-3: Use of carbohydrates and fats with increasing exercise

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Oxygen Consumption: Factors Sustaining or Limiting Exercise

O2 consumptiono:: to o exercise (measure w/Vo2 max) Limiting factors: O2 cell availability, (O2 deficit) O2 transport to: mitochondria, to cell, to blood, or to lung

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Oxygen Consumption: Factors Sustaining or Limiting Exercise

Figure 25-4: Changes in oxygen consumption during and after exercise

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Respiratory Ventilation: Exercise Induced hyperventilation

Feed forward Reflex: CNS Feedback reflexes: Motor sensors Joint movement Muscle contraction Chemo sensors O2 & CO2 levels Synchronized w/ cardiac output Plasma: [O2], [CO2] & [ pH]
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Respiratory Ventilation: Exercise Induced hyperventilation

Figure 25-5: Changes in ventilation with submaximal exercise

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Respiratory Ventilation: Exercise Induced hyperventilation

Figure 25-6: Changes in blood gas, partial pressures, and arterial pH with exercise
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

Cardiac output o 5 to 35 L/min Rate o 2-3 X Blood distribution o muscles to 88% of all blood q other tissues (except brain)

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

Figure 25-7: Distribution of cardiac output at rest and during exercise

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Homeostatic Balancing of Exercise: Controlled Disruption

Feed-forward reflexes Anticipate odemand Heart & lungs Protective reflexes Stretch damage Temperature o sweating o peripheral blood flow redistribution Blood pressure } constant
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Homeostatic Balancing of Exercise: Controlled Disruption

Figure 25-8: Peripheral resistance and arterial blood pressure during exercise
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Health Advantages of Regular Exercise: Quality of Life

q Cardiovascular disease risks: heart attack, stroke, high BP q blood pressure q LDL & triglycerides o HDL q risks for diabetes q obesity q stress association o immune function (to a point)
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Health Advantages of Regular Exercise: Quality of Life

Figure 25-9b: The effect of exercise on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Health Advantages of Regular Exercise: Quality of Life

Figure 25-10: Immune function and exercise

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Exercise challenges a range of many systems involved in metabolism to produce maximal energy from various nutrient sources Phosphocreatine most quickly produces ATP for muscle contraction while anaerobic glycolysis is intermediate Aerobic ATP production is needed for endurance exercise

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Summary

Ventilation and cardiac rate and output undergo huge changes which are anticipated by feedforward reflexes and protected by other reflexes to keep BP and temperature in homeostasis Exercise reduces risk factors in some most common health problems: heart disease, obesity , diabetes, and stress

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings