Satellite communication

05DT2 H Ng c Thanh Th y Tr n L Anh Th Nguy n V n Tn D ng Th H ng Trang

Content
j Overview of Satellite Communication.

(H ng Trang) j Polarization. (V n Tn) j Attenuation. (Anh Th ) j Noise. (Thanh Th y)

Overview of Satellite communication

Satellite communication
j Earth station:

+Transmit and receive signals from a satellite +Send information in the form of high powered, high frequency (GHz range) signals to satellites
j Satellite:

+Receive and retransmit the signals back to earth. j Uplink : the transmission from the earth station to the satellite j Downlink : the transmission from the satellite to the earth station

The advantages
jProvide high-capacity

communications over long ranges jThe coverage area of a satellite greatly exceeds that of a terrestrial system jAbility to multiple access jGood quality, reliability

The disadvantages
j Cost + Satellite systems are expensive + Launching satellites into orbit is costly j Delay ex : A geostationary satellite 36000km above the surface has an uplink/downlink delay of 0.25s j Security Ground station are generally large, easy to locate and destroy

Applications
j Telephony j Satellite television j Fixed Service Satellite j Direct broadcast satellite j Mobile satellite technologies j Satellite radio j Satellite Internet j Military uses j Navigation

Some new applications

j Monitoring Greenhouse gas with Ibiki

satellite j GPS satellites (Global Positioning System): -Control traffic system GPS combine with GIS (Geographic Information System) -Study terrain and create maps -Protect nature

IBUKI satellite
j Monitoring the

j j j j

distribution of the density of carbon dioxide, a Greenhouse gas. Launch Date : 12:54, January 23th, 2009 Weight: Approx 1,750kg Ibuki : breath(Japanese) Location :Tanegashima Space Center

j February 9th,2009:

sent data successfully

Kepler's laws of planetary motion

j The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the sun at

a focus.

Kepler's laws of planetary motion

j A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out

equal areas during equal intervals of time

a3 Q! 2 n

Kepler's laws of planetary motion

j The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly

proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. With: is the gravitational constant (h ng s h p d n c a t) a is semi-major axis (m) n is the orbital period of a planet (rad/s) Orbital period : qu

Kepler's laws of planetary motion

These laws are bases to describe the orbit of satellite around the Earth. Satellite is a planet, the Earth is a sun. +The first law shows that satellite orbit is an elip or circle (especial case of elip) +The second law shows that we can see satellite in the longest time at the position satellite is farthest from the Earth. +Base on the third law, we can determine semi-major axis of satellite orbit if we have the orbital period of a satellite.

Satellite orbit
j Polar orbit j Geosynchronous orbit j Highly elliptical orbit

Molniya orbit

Polar orbit
j These orbits have an

inclination near 90 degree. j This allows the satellite to see virtually every part of the Earth as the Earth rotates underneath it. j It takes approximately 90 minute for the satellite to complete one orbits.

Geosynchronous orbit
Located near the equator since at this latitude, there is a constant force of gravity from all directions Circling the Earth at the same rate as the Earth spins (23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4.09 seconds) Used to study large scale phenomenon such as hurricanes, or cyclones and also used for communication satellites The disadvantage : + have poor resolution + have trouble monitoring activities near the poles

Geosynchronous orbit
j put the satellite at

approximately 35,790 km above the Earth

WHY?

n!

24 P

Geosynchronous orbit
j Orbital period:

P= 23 hours 56 minutes 4.09 seconds = 86164 s; j The gravitational constant: j The orbital period of a planet: n (rad/s) j Semi-major axis: a(m)
j Distance from the Earth to

satellite: H= a-R = 42164 6378 = 35786 (km)

Molniya orbit
j Is a type of highly elliptical

orbit with an inclination of 63.4 degrees j Orbital period of about 12 hours j Is named after a series of Soviet/Russian Molniya (Russian :Lighting) communication satellites since the mid 1960s j Useful in near polar regions

Satellite orbits
j MEO j LEO

Multiple access methods

j FDMA (Frequency Division Multiplex

Access) j TDMA (Time Division Multiplex Access) j CDMA (Code Division Multiplex Access)

Frequency Division Multiplex Access

j Satellite frequency is already

divided into bands, and is divided in to smaller channels j Disadvantage: +The number of sub-channels is limited +Requires high-performing filters j Performed in two ways: + FAMA (Fixed-assignment multiple access) used for broadcast + DAMA (Demandassignment multiple access) used for point to point

communication

Time Division Multiplex Access

j Divide a transmission into multiple time slots, each

one dedicated to a different transmitter j Require : synchronous

Code Division Multiplex Access

j Allow several transmitters to send information simultaneously

over a single communication channel j Each transmitter is assigned a code j CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signaling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated.

Polarization

Linear polarized wave

j There are two kind of linear polarized wave: j vertical polarization: the electric field was

perpendicular to the earths surface.

j Horizontal polarization: the electric field was

parallel to the earths surface.

j A vertically and horizontally polarized electric

field can be described as:

E y ! y E y1 sin [t E x ! x E x1 sin [t

E ! arctan

Ey Ex

Circular polarization
j when two fields of ware are equal in

magnitude (E), but one leads the other by 90 in phase. The equations are:

E y ! y E sin [t

E x ! x E cos [t

E ! sin [t

j There are two kind of

Circular polarization: j right-hand circular (RHC) polarization as a rotation in the clockwise direction.
j Left-hand circular

(LHC) polarization as the rotation is in the counterclockwise direction.

Elliptical polarization
j This occurs when the two linear components

are:
Ey !
y

E y si [t

E x ! x E x si ( [t  H )
E y1 ! 1 E x ! / 3

30r

Antenna Polarization
j The polarization of a receiving antenna will

decided that it receives maximum power transfer or not:

Frequency windows
j When the range of frequency are lower than

1Ghz, the ware is absorb by Ionospheric. j When the range of frequency are higher 10Ghz, the ware is attenuated by rain.

j So, when the range of frequency are between

1->10Ghz, the effectiveness of Ionospheric and rain can be inogned.

100 50 10 Attenuation by inospheric Attenuation by rain

0.1

0.5

10

100

Frequency(Ghz)

Frequency using in satellite communication

j In satellite communication, the frequency is

SHF (super high frequency) from 3 to 30Ghz. We have a table below:

Frequency using in satellite communication

j Band C(4/6Ghz) lie in frequency windows, so

it has low attenuation by rain, using in intelsat system, area satellite system and national satellite j Band Ku(12/14,11/14), using in public communication, national satellite and between companies.

Attenuation of Satellite Communications

Attenuation
Strength of signal falls off with the distance over transmission medium.

Atmospheric Free Rain and space attenuation. path loss. ionospheric losses.

Feeder losses.

Antenna Doppler misalignment effect. losses.

Free space loss

j The loss resulting from the spreading of the

signal in space.

Pr fc d Pt

Free space loss !

Pr Pt

FSL (dB) 32 .45  20 log 10

( MHz )  20 log 10 d (km)

Free space loss - Example

Vinasat -1 in Ku band. d 36.000Km

Uplink
f 14.000MHz

Downlink

f
. MHz

FSL= 207 dB

FSL= 204 dB

Atmospheric losses
Gas molecules interact with the Electromagnetic field. This may cause energy loss. The most significant gases up to 300GHz are Water vapor and Oxygen.
The amount of loss depends on the resonant frequency, the concentration of that Gas in the atmosphere and the length of the path.

Effect of Water Vapor and Oxygen

Atmospheric loss Formula

(At sea level with 1013 mB, 15C, Water vapor concentration 7.5g/m3)

Where is the water vapor concentration in g/m3 and f is the frequency in GHz.

For Oxygen, for 57-63 GHz, an averaged value of 14.9 dB/km is used

Ionospheric effects
Ionosphere is a upper region of the earths atmosphere, which has been ionized, mainly by solar radiation.

j With f > 600MHz

Ignore

Rain attenuation

Rain attenuation
j Total attenuation:

A = EL (dB) With: E - specific attenuation. b E ! aR p (dB/km) (Rp: rain rate that would be exceeded for p percent of a year a, b: depend on frequency and polarization.) L effective path length.

Rain attenuation
j Calculate L:

L ! LS .rp

hR  h0 LS sin El rp : reduction factor

Actual length Antenna angle of elevation Rain height

LG ! LS cos El

Feeder and Antenna misalignment losses

j Feeder and Antenna misalignment losses are

rather small, often approximate 3dB.

Doppler effect
The Doppler effect (or Doppler shift), named after Austrian physicist Christian Doppler who proposed it in 1842, is the change in frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to the source of the wave.

T p m trong h th ng thng tin

T p m h th ng T p m do cc tuy n thng tin

Nhi t t p m h th ng
TS  TA  TF Tsys !  TR LF
j j j j j j

Tsys Nhi t t p m h th ng TS TA T TR L

Nhi t t p m bn ngoi Nhi t t p m anten Nhi t t p m h th ng feeder Nhi t t p m hi u d ng u vo my thu Suy hao c a h th ng feeder

Nhi t t p m bn ngoi
j Nhi t t p m v tr j Nhi t t p m c a dy ngn h j Nhi t t p m c a m t tr i j Nhi t t p m do kh quy n j Nhi t t p m do m a

Nhi t t p m bn ngoi
Nhi t t p m v tr
j Tc

ng t n s v tuy n j Do b c x t v tr cn d l i j Kho ng 2,76 0 K

Nhi t t p m bn ngoi
Nhi t t p m j Th ng r t nh c a dy ngn j N u h ng anten vo vng c s h sao c c i trong vng t n s 0,3GHz n 2GHz th nhi t t p m c th ln g n 100 0 K

Nhi t t p m bn ngoi
Nhi t t p m j Ph thu c h ng anten c am t j D i 500 K n u m t tr i n m ngoi tr i bp chnh anten j C th ln 100000 K n u m t tr i chi u th ng vo anten j Ph thu c t n s cng tc, kch th c m t ph n x v s v t en c a m t tr i

Nhi t t p m bn ngoi
Nhi t t p m j Ph thu c t n s v gc ng ng do kh j Gc ng ng b ng 0 th nhi t nhi u quy n c th snh v i nhi t bao quanh tri t j Bi u gi ng nh ng h p th

Nhi t t p m bn ngoi
Nhi t t p m do j TM : nhi t t p m do m a m a j LM: suy hao do m a (=16,57) j Tm : nhi t trung bnh c a c n 1 TM Tm (1  ) m a L
M

Tm ! 1,12Txq  50( 0 K )

Nhi t t p m anten
j Nhi t t p m v tuy n j Nhi t

v t l c a cc thnh ph n gy suy

gi m

Nhi t t p m anten
j

Ta :Nhi

t t p m anten t ng

Ta

Tr L  T  L L

c ng j Tr :Nhi t t p m v tuy n j L : suy gi m ohmic t ng c ng j T0 :Nhi t v t l c a cc thnh ph n gy suy gi m

Nhi t t p m anten
Nhi t t pj Ph thu c gc ng ng, i u ki n th i ti t, t n s m v cng tc tuy n j Bi u th c ton h c:
Tr
D(U , J ) :

1 4T

2T T

D(U , J )T
ng

(U , J ) sin U .dU .dJ

nh h

TB (U , J ) :nhi t chi u sng c a mi tr ng

Nhi t t p m anten
Nhi t t p j m v tuy n

Cng th c tnh g n ng nhi t t p m do m i bp ph gy ra

Ti
Gi

Gi v TD
t do m t tr i t o ra
0

:h s t ng ch c a bp ph chi u sng c a m t
0

TD

:nhi t

=150 K khi gc ng ng t 0 n 100 =10 0 khi gc ng ng t 100 n 90 0 K

Nhi t t p m anten
th c tr ng c a nhi t t p m anten ph thu c vo gc ng ng

Nhi t t p m v tuy n

Nhi t t p m anten
Ngoi ra nhi t t p m anten cn do cc ch ng ng i g n nh ta nh, cc mi Nhi t t p che, cc b ph n c n tr trong anten nh m v cc thanh , b ti p sng v b suy hao tuy n bp ph gy ra

Nhi t t p m h th ng feeder

TF
TF
T0
LF

T ( LF  1)( K )
:nhi t t p m h th ng feeder :nhi t mi tr ng(K)

:suy hao c a h th ng feeder

Nhi t t p m h th ng feeder
j H th ng feeder c suy hao cng l n th nhi t

t p m c a n cng cao j C n thi t k h th ng feeder c suy hao nh nh t, khi c th xem nhi t t p m feeder l nhi t mi tr ng 290K

Nhi t t p m my thu
j B ng t ng nhi t t p m gy ra trong m i ph n my

thu j Cng th c:

T T TK TR ! T     G GG G G GK 
TR
T1 , T2 ,..., TK
G1 , G2 ,..., G K
:nhi t t p m my thu :nhi t t p m u vo m i t ng

:h s khu ch t ng t ng

Cng su t t p m h th ng
j Cng su t t p m h th ng gy ra trong

r ng b ng

t n B(Hz):

N ! kTsys B
Tsys
k

:Nhi t t p m h th ng
:H ng s Boltzman

1,38 .10 23 W / Hz.0 K

228 ,6dBW / Hz.K

Cng su t t p m h th ng
j Cng su t t p m h th ng gy ra trong

r ng b ng

t n 1Hz, g i l m t

ph t p m:

N ! kTsys ! N B W Hz

Can nhi u t cc tuy n

j Can nhi u khc tuy n j Nhi u cng tuy n j T p m mo xuyn i u ch

Can nhi u khc tuy n

j Can nhi u t v tinh thng tin khc j Can nhi u t

n tr m m t

ng vi ba m t

Can nhi u khc tuy n

j Can nhi u t v tinh thng tin khc

n tr m m t

t:

+ x y ra do cc v tinh t g n nhau + nh h ng n t s cng su t sng mang trn sng can nhi u C/I tr m m t t + xt can nhi u t v tinh 2 tc ng ln tr m m t t 1 nh hnh v

Can nhi u khc tuy n

j Can nhi u t v tinh thng tin khc

n tr m m t

t:
Cng su t sng mang C thu c tr m 1( tnh b ng dBW):

[C ] [ EIRP ]1   [G1 ]  [ FSL]

[C ]
[EIRP ]1 [G1 ]
:cng su t sng mang :cng su t pht : ng h ng t ng ng c a v tinh 1

l i c a anten thu 1 do [dB]

[FSL ]

:m t mt khng gian t

Can nhi u khc tuy n

j Can nhi u t v tinh thng tin khc

n tr m m t

t:
Cng su t sng can nhi u tr m 1( tnh b ng dBW):

[ I ] [ EIRP ]   [G1 (U )]  [ FSL]  [Y ]

[I ]
[EIRP ] 2
:cng su t sng can nhi u :cng su t pht : ng h ng t ng ng ng c a v tinh 2

[G1 (U )] [FSL ] [Y ]

l i c a anten thu 1 theo h do [dB]

:m t mt khng gian t

:kh n ng phn bi t phn c c

Can nhi u khc tuy n

j Can nhi u t v tinh thng tin khc

n tr m m t
tr m 1:

t:
T s cng su t sng mang trn sng can nhi u

C I

EIRP

EIRP

 G1

G1

 Y

Can nhi u khc tuy n

j Can nhi u t v tinh thng tin khc

n tr m m t

t:
Trong th c t , t s cng su t c a sng mang trn sng can nhi u C/I gi a cc v tinh c th l n h n ho c b ng 30dB khi 2 v tinh t cch nhau kho ng 3 ngay trn qu o, ngay c n u cc anten c a chng cng chi u vo 1 v tr

Can nhi u khc tuy n

j Can nhi u t ng vi ba m t t: ng thng tin vi ba m t t c t n s b ng t n s ng xu ng c a h th ng thng tin v tinh, b i v y u vo my thu tr m m t t c ng b tr n v i tn hi u c a ng thng tin viba m t t

Can nhi u khc tuy n

Trong thi t k th c t , ph i t tr m m t t sao cho nhi u x y ra t nh t, b ng cch s d ng anten c cc c c tnh bp ph t t. N u khng th lo i b nhi u th trong thi t k tuy n ph i bao hm c l ng nhi u cho php. Nhi u th ng khng nh gi c b ng tnh ton, v d nh trong thnh ph c nhi u v t c n ph n x quanh n i t tr m m t t. V th ph i dung ph ng php o th c t o nhi u

Nhi u cng tuy n

c c: c n: +th ng trong h th ng +gy ra b i knh ln c n thng tin phn c c kp, c cng phn c c v i b chi ph i b i cc c tuy n v tinh ang xt tnh anten +dng b l c c c tnh +ch n anten c XDP(kh c t nh n kh nhi u n ng phn c c cho) l n ny
j T p n nhi u kh phn j T p m nhi u knh ln

T p m mo xuyn i u ch
j Sinh ra khi b pht p c a n khu ch j j j

mang. Nguyn nhn: do cc c tuy n phi tuy n vo ra c a b pht p Th ng s d ng n sng ch y TWT( b ph n chnh c a b pht p) Trong th c t , c tuy n c a TWT khng tuy n tnh: khi m c vo v t qu m t gi tr no th m c ra c a TWT khng t ng c n a m c d m c vo v n t ng ng k , hi n t ng ny g i l bo ha. i u ny gy ra mo xuyn i u ch . mo xuyn i u ch nh h n gi tr cho php, TWT ph i lm vi c m c th p h n i m bo ha

ng th i nhi u sng