It

may be defined as the method by which individuals are paired for crossing. Or various schemes which are used for crossing or mating of individuals.

 In

flowering plants mate recognition is developmental process involves physical interactions i.e., male ,female gametophyte , sporophytes, zygotes endosperm. The outcome of this cryptic intractions determines the mating system(by Joe Williams)

 Inbreeding

depression in a perennial plant, Lychni viscaria, in three populations differing in their inbreeding history and population size by measuring several traits at two nutrient levels over the plant's life cycle. The observed levels of inbreeding depression (cumulative inbreeding depression, from 0.057 to 0.629) were high for a plant with a mixed mating system.

expected, the population with a low level of isozyme variation expressed the least inbreeding depression for seed germination. Highest inbreeding depression for germination was found in the largest and genetically most variable population.
As

( Mary Jo W Godt 1995) Departments of Botany and Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA

1.Mating system in plants increases homozygosity and reduces heterozygosity. 2.Alleles as a results, the characters for the Variation produced by the environment. 3.Under intense inbreeding, the number of non-interbreeding groups increases rapidly. 4.Prepotency of individuals increases under inbreeding. Prepotency is effected by homozygosity,dominance epistasis and linkage.

of three backcross mating systems upon the introgression of a quantitatively determined morphological character, hypogeal germination, from Phaseolus coccineus into P. vulgaris. The mating systems evaluated measured gene flow through (1) male gametes, (2) female gametes, and (3) female gametes when a random sib mating generation was inserted between backcross generations.
Effects

results demonstrate that mating systems significantly affect gene flow between partially isolated species effects of recombination which lead to hybrid breakdown and a disruption of interspecific gene flow. Reciprocal backcrosses of the BC1 (P. vulgaris x F1 ) to P. vulgaris again resulted in greater donor parent germplasm transmission through female gametes.
The

 BC1

increased phenotypic variance for the selected character (hypogeal-like germination) BC3 populations in all instances greatly increased phenotypic variance for the selected character and led to some hybrid breakdown in the progeny.

is a sudden and heritable change in an organism and is generally due to a structural change in a gene. Mutation may produce a new allele not present in the population or may change the frequencies of existing all.
Mutation

Effects Of mutation Lethal : They kill each & every individual that carry them in appropriate genotype . Dominant lethal : It cant survive. Recessive lethal : kill in homozygous state. Sub Lethal & Sub Vital :- Both mutation reduce viability but dont kill all the individual carrying them in appropriate genotype. Sub Lethal : Kill more than 50%. Sub Vital : Kill less than 50%. Vital :- a) Dont reduce the viability. b) Crop improvement can utilize only such mutations.

 Desirable

mutations are commonly associated with undesirable side effects due to other mutations, chromosomal aberrations. Often mutation produce pleiotropic effects.eg: delayed flowering. Quantitative traits are usually in the direction away from the selection history of the parent variety. e.g: yield. Most of mutation are recessive.eg: clonal crops, polyploidy species.

is the movement of individuals into a population from different population. Migration may introduce new alleles into the population or may change the frequencies of existing alleles. Migration is represented by intervarietal crosses ,polycrosses,etc.,
Migration

 Differential

reproduction rates of various genotypes is known as selection.

 During

selection in self pollinated crops every generation self-pollination will reduce the frequency of heterozygote Aa to 50% in the previous generation. Three genotypes AA, aA and aa have a equal survival. If there is un equal survival, it may increase or decrease the rate at homozygosivity. Self pollinated plant population completely homozygous after selection mixture of several homozygous genotypes.

No. Of Frequency Frequenc generation (%) y(%) AA Aa 1 2 3 4 25 (25+12.5 37.5+6.25 43.75+3.1 100 50 25 12.5

Frequency( %) aa 25 37.5 43.75 46.8 48.4 49.20 49.60 49.90

Homoz ygosity (%) 50 75 87.5 93.7 96.8 98.4 99.2 99.6

heterozy gosity(%)

100 50 25 12.5 6.2 3.1 1.5 0.7

5 6 7 8

46.8 49.21 49.60 49.80

6.25 3.12 1.5 0.78

recently proposed mutational mechanism, index-associated mutation (IDAM), posits that heterozygous insertions/deletions (indels) increase the point mutation rate at nearby nucleotides due to errors during meiosis. In this study, They investigated the consequences of IDAM for species differing in mating system using both forward population genetic simulations and genomewide DNA resequencing data from Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, and Oryza rufipogon.

Simulations of different levels of selfing suggest that the effect of IDAM on surrounding nucleotide diversity should decrease with increasing selfing rate. selfing also affects patterns of nucleotide diversity due to IDAM. Population genetic analyses of A. thaliana and Oryza DNA sequence data sets empirically confirmed our simulation results, revealing the strongest effect of IDAM in the outcrossing O. rufipogon, weaker effect in the recently evolved selfer O. sativa, and the weakest effect in the relatively ancient selfer A. thaliana. These results support the novel idea that differences in life history, such as the level of selfing, can affect the per-individual mutation rate among species.

To test the theoretical prediction that highly inbreeding populations should have low neutral genetic diversity relative to closely related outcrossing populations, On the basis of sequences of intron 12 of this gene, the expected low diversity was seen in both populations of the selfers Leavenworthia uniflora. L. torulosa and in three highly inbreeding populations of L. crassa, while high diversity was found In self-incompatible L. stylosa, and moderate diversity in L. crassa populations with partial or complete self-incompatibility. (F Liu, D Charlesworth, and M Kreitma)

 Hong

Kong once supported more than 109 species of wild orchids, allotetraploid, Spiranthes hongkongensis, and its diploid progenitor, S. sinensis, to assess the effects of the population associated with the origin of the polyploid and to investigate the relationships between number of breeding individuals, mating system, and level of isozyme variation in their populations.

 complete

genetic uniformity was observed both within and among populations of S. hongkongensis. S. sinensis had high levels of genetic variation for all of the genetic parameters examined various measures of withinpopulation variation, the proportion of polymorphic loci (P) and average number of alleles per locus (A) or per polymorphic locus (Ap) were the most sensitive to population size.

N. HOEBE, M. STIFT, E. B. HOLUB, B. K. MABLE) Inoculated individuals from outcrossing and inbreeding populations of North American Arabidopsis lyrata with Albugo candida (white blister rust) to test the effect of mating system and heterozygosity on disease response We observed three host infection phenotypes, classified as fully resistant, partially resistant and fully susceptible
(P.

 Mating

system did not affect relative growth rate of inoculated plants, but there were strong effects of population and infection phenotype. Increased variability in responses among inbreeding populations may be due to reduced effective population size.

Mating systems are influenced by several ecological factors, including plant density, number of flowers per plant, and pollinator movements. In this study, we investigated the simultaneous effects of these three factors on the mating system of a self-compatible Brazilian shrub species:Helicteres brevispira Outcrossing rate is directly correlated with plant density. Changes in the number of flowers per plant affect outcrossing rate through their effect on the density of flowers.

1.Genetics. 1999 January; 151(1): 343 357 F Liu, D Charlesworth, and M Kreitma Genetic variation within and among populations of Arabidopsis thaliana. 2.Conservation Biology Volume 10pages 785795, June 1996 3.Division of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK Article first published online: 22 NOV 2010. 4.PLANT BREEDING PRINCIPLES AND METHODS B.D.SINGH.