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Membrane transport

Dr. N. Devanarayana

Transport across cell membranes




Exocytosis and endocytosis Vesicular transport Diffusion


Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion

Active transport
Primary active transport Secondary active transport

Transport across the cell membrane


Channel protein Carrier proteins

Energy Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion

Diffusion

Active transport

Diffusion through the cell membrane


 Diffusion

of lipid-soluble substances through the lipid bilayer. of water and and other lipidinsoluble molecules through protein channels.

 Diffusion

Diffusion


Occurs long the chemical or electrical gradient. Not energy dependant. Most protein channels are highly selective for transport of one or more specific ions or molecules.
Eg. Na+ channels

 

Many channels can be opened or closed by gates


Voltage gated channels Ligand (Chemical) gated channels

Outside Gate Closed

Na+

Na+
Gate open

Inside Inside

Outside

Gate Closed Inside

Gate open

K+

K+

Voltage gating


The gate opens and closes in response to the changes in electrical potential across the cell membrane Eg. Na+ channels open when inside of the become more positively charged compared to the outside. When inside become more negatively charged these channels remain tightly closed

Activation gate
ECF

Na+

Na+

Na+

CELL

Inactivation gate

Resting stage -90mV

Activated stage Inactivated stage -90 to +35mV -90 to +35mV, delayed

Ligand (Chemical) gating


 Binding

with a specific chemical substance opens the channel gate Acetylcholine gated Na+ channels in neuromuscular junction

 Eg.

Na+ channels in muscle membrane


Extracellular compartment

Acetylcholine

Skeletal muscle cell

Osmosis


Transport water across selectively permeable membranes When substance cannot cross the cell membrane water moves through water channels from lower concentration to higher concentration The amount of pressure required exactly to stop osmosis is called as Osmotic pressure

Water

NaCl solution

Osmosis

Water

Semi permeable membrane

 Osmosis

movement of water down its concentration gradient from weak solution to strong solution
Osmotic pressure mmHg H 2O 10 g NaCl 5g NaCl Other measures milliOsmoles/L(osmolarity)* milliOsmoles/kg (osmolality) *changes with temp.

Osmotic pr.of blood - 5100 mmHg Osmolarity - 300 mOsm/L osmolality 300 mOsm/kg

Body Fluids - Tonicity




Tonicity - when one solution is separated from another by a semi-permeable membrane, if there is no net flow of H2O from one side to the other, the two solutions are isotonic (equal to that of plasma) Hypertonic - > 300 mosm/kg Hypotonic - e 285 mosm/kg Isotonic fluids 0.9 % (w/v) NaCl (Normal saline) 5% Dextrose (glucose) 1.35% NaHCO3 ; King coconut water is isotonic

Facilitated diffusion
 

Carrier mediated diffusion Substances are transported by a specific carrier proteins Occurs along the electrochemical gradient Does not utilize energy Eg. Glucose transport into the cell

  

Membrane transport

Active transport
 By

carrier proteins energy

 Needs  Two

types

Primary active transport Secondary active transport

 Can

be

Uniport
Transport one substance in one direction

Symport (Co-transport)
Transport two different substance in the same direction Eg. Na+-Glucose co-transport

Antiport (Counter transport)


Transport two different substances to opposite directions Eg. Na+-K+ ATPase pump

Primary active transport


 Energy

is derived directly from breakdown of high energy bond (ATP) against electrochemical gradient

 Occurs  Eg.

Na+-K+ ATPase pump

Na+-K+pump
3 Na+
Antiport ECF

CELL

2 K+
ATP ADP

Secondary active transport




Carrier protein bind with two specific substances Primary active transport of one substance across the cell membrane generate concentration gradient facilitating transport of a second substance Eg. Na+-Glucose co-transport

Exocytosis
 Proteins

synthesized in endoplasmic reticulum moves to Golgi apparatus and extruded in to membrane covered vesicles or secretory granules moves to the membrane, fuses with it and release contents

 They

Endocytosis


Material makes contact with the cell membrane Cell membrane invaginates and engulf the substance into a membrane enclosed vacuole Eg
Phagocytosis Cell eating Pinocytosis Cell drinking

Foreign particles Membrane invaginates Pinocytic or phagocytic Vesicles Lysosomes Digestive vesicle

Residual body

Excretion

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