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Dr. N. Devanarayana
Active transport
Primary active transport Secondary active transport
Diffusion
Active transport
of lipid-soluble substances through the lipid bilayer. of water and and other lipidinsoluble molecules through protein channels.
Diffusion
Diffusion
Occurs long the chemical or electrical gradient. Not energy dependant. Most protein channels are highly selective for transport of one or more specific ions or molecules.
Eg. Na+ channels
Na+
Na+
Gate open
Inside Inside
Outside
Gate open
K+
K+
Voltage gating
The gate opens and closes in response to the changes in electrical potential across the cell membrane Eg. Na+ channels open when inside of the become more positively charged compared to the outside. When inside become more negatively charged these channels remain tightly closed
Activation gate
ECF
Na+
Na+
Na+
CELL
Inactivation gate
with a specific chemical substance opens the channel gate Acetylcholine gated Na+ channels in neuromuscular junction
Eg.
Acetylcholine
Osmosis
Transport water across selectively permeable membranes When substance cannot cross the cell membrane water moves through water channels from lower concentration to higher concentration The amount of pressure required exactly to stop osmosis is called as Osmotic pressure
Water
NaCl solution
Osmosis
Water
Osmosis
movement of water down its concentration gradient from weak solution to strong solution
Osmotic pressure mmHg H 2O 10 g NaCl 5g NaCl Other measures milliOsmoles/L(osmolarity)* milliOsmoles/kg (osmolality) *changes with temp.
Osmotic pr.of blood - 5100 mmHg Osmolarity - 300 mOsm/L osmolality 300 mOsm/kg
Tonicity - when one solution is separated from another by a semi-permeable membrane, if there is no net flow of H2O from one side to the other, the two solutions are isotonic (equal to that of plasma) Hypertonic - > 300 mosm/kg Hypotonic - e 285 mosm/kg Isotonic fluids 0.9 % (w/v) NaCl (Normal saline) 5% Dextrose (glucose) 1.35% NaHCO3 ; King coconut water is isotonic
Facilitated diffusion
Carrier mediated diffusion Substances are transported by a specific carrier proteins Occurs along the electrochemical gradient Does not utilize energy Eg. Glucose transport into the cell
Membrane transport
Active transport
By
Needs Two
types
Can
be
Uniport
Transport one substance in one direction
Symport (Co-transport)
Transport two different substance in the same direction Eg. Na+-Glucose co-transport
is derived directly from breakdown of high energy bond (ATP) against electrochemical gradient
Occurs Eg.
Na+-K+pump
3 Na+
Antiport ECF
CELL
2 K+
ATP ADP
Carrier protein bind with two specific substances Primary active transport of one substance across the cell membrane generate concentration gradient facilitating transport of a second substance Eg. Na+-Glucose co-transport
Exocytosis
Proteins
synthesized in endoplasmic reticulum moves to Golgi apparatus and extruded in to membrane covered vesicles or secretory granules moves to the membrane, fuses with it and release contents
They
Endocytosis
Material makes contact with the cell membrane Cell membrane invaginates and engulf the substance into a membrane enclosed vacuole Eg
Phagocytosis Cell eating Pinocytosis Cell drinking
Foreign particles Membrane invaginates Pinocytic or phagocytic Vesicles Lysosomes Digestive vesicle
Residual body
Excretion