Most abundant inorganic compound in the bodies of living systems 75 85% - cells protoplasm 45 95% - bodies Highly important

nt in biological systems

It is the biological solvent. It can dissolve many substances

It has high heat capacity. A large amount of heat is needed to raise the temperature of water (maintains body temp)

It has high heat of vaporization. A large amount of heat is also needed to turn liquid water into vapor (prevents dehydration)

It has high heat of fusion. A large amount of heat must be removed from water to turn it into ice (prevents freezing)

It is a medium for physical and chemical reactions. It serves as a moisturizer of surfaces.

It is a means of transport. It is a lubricant. It is a good cushion.

are biological buffers Buffer mixture of weak acid and its corresponding base that controls pH pH value measures how acidic or basic a substance is Most animals have neutral pH

It releases hydrogen ions It has sour taste It turns blue litmus paper to red

VINEGAR is acetic acid

CITRUS fruits are citric acid

It accepts hydrogen ions It has a bitter taste and slippery It turns red litmus paper to blue

Sodium hydroxide (in soaps)

they conduct electricity within the body. electrolyte means salts --- ions.

are important in maintaining voltages across the cell membranes they also carry electrical impulses in nerve cells during muscle contraction

Na+ ClHCO3PO42SO42K+

sodium chloride bicarbonate phosphates sulfates potassium

Essential for photosynthesis (in plants) It is a waste product among animals through respiration It is normally present in the air at a concentration of 0.03% by volume

The most abundant organic compounds found in living systems forms the structural part of cells and tissues.

they are made up of a chain of amino acids amino acids basic building blocks of proteins 20 essential amino acids

Speed up chemical reactions the digestion of food involves enzymes amylase --- starch protease --- proteins lipase --- lipids

highly specific required in minute amounts temperature affects an enzyme reaction pH affects an enzyme reaction

are produced by B lymphocytes (white blood cells) in response to foreign substance in the body (antigen) could kill invading microorganisms

Cell lysis destroying the disease-causing cells Agglutination aggregating the cells

main source of energy in all organisms made up of C, H and O there are 3 main groups

mono --- means one simple sugars with only 1 sugar unit an instant source of energy in the cell

di --- means two complex sugars composed of 2 molecules of monosaccharides Sucrose (table sugar) glucose + fructose

poly --- means many complex sugars made up of chains of monosaccharides stores energy and parts of cell structures

storage polysaccharide plant carbohydrate composed of glucose molecules easily digested by amylase

storage polysaccharide animal carbohydrate found in the liver composed of glucose molecules

the most abundant organic compound on Earth a structural polysaccharide function support /protect location plant cell walls

structural polysaccharide it is found in the outer coverings of crustaceans and insects

Includes fats and fat like substances insoluble in water

source and storage of energy essential parts of cell structures an insulating material solvent

for fat soluble vitamins and hormones prevents water loss from skin surface

Composed of one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid

2 kinds of fatty acids 1. Saturated solid at RT * lard, margarine, butter 2. Unsaturated- liquid at RT * vegetable oil, corn oil

Phospholipids important in cell membranes Waxes cuticle covering of stems and leaves; skin/fur in animals

Steroids cholesterol, sex hormones, vitamin D Sphingolipids found in the brain, lungs and nerve tissues

Function for storage of genetic information it also functions in protein synthesis 2 types of nucleic acids: 1. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid 2. RNA ribonucleic acid

Nucleotide basic building blocks of nucleic acids a nucleotide is made of the following: 1. five-carbon sugar 2. phosphate group 3. nitrogenous base

Purines Guanine (G) and Adenine (A) Pyrimidines Cytosine (C) and Thymine (T) Uracil (U)