RCDD Flash Cards - Chapter 1 Principle of Transmission

Define electrical conductor.
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Any material that can carry current from one point to another
TDMM, 11th ed
Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission
Name 4 common electrical conductors used to make wire and cable.

reference page 1-2 1) Copper 2) Copper-covered steel 3) High-strength copper alloy 4) Aluminum
TDMM, 11th ed
True or False? Silver and gold are good electrical conductors.

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True
TDMM, 11th ed
Describe a copper-covered steel conductor.

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It combines the conductivity of copper with the strength of steel and is typically used as a conductor for aerial, self-supporting drop wire.
TDMM, 11th ed Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission 4
Describe a high-strength copper alloy conductor.

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A mixture of copper and other metals that improves certain copper alloy properties and characteristics of copper
Name the conductor that has the poorest corrosion resistance.

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High-strength alloy
TDMM, 11th ed
Name the conductor that has the poorest oxidation resistance.

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Aluminum
TDMM, 11th ed
Name the conductor that has the best tensile strength.

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High-strength alloy
TDMM, 11th ed
Describe the process of creating stranded conductors.

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Twisting or stranding together a number of small-gauge solid conductors

Name 3 advantages of solid conductors.

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1) Less costly 2) Less complex termination systems 3) Better transmission performance at high frequencies
Name 3 advantages of stranded conductors.

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1) More flexible 2) Longer flex life 3) Less susceptible to damage during crimp termination process
Define a composite conductor.

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A conductor constructed from non-traditional materials (e.g., metallic resins or graphite.

Name 5 advantages of composite conductors.

reference page 1-4 1) Highly flexible 2) Lightweight 3) Inexpensive and easy to produce 4) Easily embedded into other materials 5) Low coefficient of expansion
TDMM, 11th ed
13
Name 4 disadvantages of composite conductors.

reference page 1-4 Poor analog transmission characteristics including high attenuation, especially above 4000 Hz; extremely poor digital transmission characteristics; easily damaged unless encased in a rigid material; inconsistent quality
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14
True or False? Cables with composite conductors are recommended for modern telecommunications networks.
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False
What do the sizes in American wire gauge (AWG) roughly represent?

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The number of steps that were involved in the process of wire drawing
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16
What do the smaller sizes in American wire gauge (AWG) represent?

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Larger wires
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17
What do the larger sizes in American wire gauge (AWG) represent?

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Smaller wires
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18
What is 1 mil equal to in millimeters (mm) and inches (in)?

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0.0254mm (0.001in)
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19
What is the smallest size in American wire gauge (AWG)?

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36 AWG = 5 mil
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20
What is the largest size in American wire gauge (AWG)?

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4/0 = 460 mil
TDMM, 11th ed
21
Which of the following has a slightly larger outside diameter, stranded or solid conductors, and why?
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Stranded, due to the additional crosssectional area between the strands.
TDMM, 11th ed
22
What is the purpose of insulation?

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To isolate the flow of current by preventing direct contact between conductors and a conductor and its environment.
The electrical performance of balanced twisted-pair cables is inversely proportional to?

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The insulations dielectric constant and dissipation factor
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24
What are the characteristics of cables with lower dielectric constant and dissipation factor?
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They have a better transmission performance, including lower attenuation characteristics and lower capacitance.
What happens with electromagnetic (EM) coupling though dielectrics?

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It is reduced.
TDMM, 11th ed
26
Name 2 materials that provide improved smoke and flame characteristics and improved transmission performance.
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1) Flourinated ethylene propylene (FEP) 2) Ethylene chlorotriflouroethylene (ECTFE)

Define dielectric constant.

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The ratio of the capacitance of an insulated conductor to the capacitance of the same conductor uninsulated in the air.
Define dielectric strength.

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Measures the maximum voltage that an insulation can withstand without breakdown.
Define dissipation factor.

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The relative power loss in the insulation due to molecular excitement and subsequent kinetic and thermal energy losses.
Define insulation resistance.

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The insulations ability to resist the flow of current through it.
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31
What is the main reason for twisting conductor pairs?

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To minimize crosstalk and noise by decreasing capacitance unbalance and mutual inductance coupling between pairs.
What is pair-to-pair capacitance unbalance?

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A measure of the electrical field coupling between two pairs if a differential voltage is applied on one pair and a differential noise voltage is measured on another pair in close proximity.
What is mutual conductance?

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A measure of the magnetic field coupling between two pairs if a differential current is applied on one pair and a differential noise current is measured on another pair in close proximity.
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34
What is done to minimize crosstalk within a multi-pair cable?

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Each pair is given a different twist length within a standard range.
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35
What sort of twist is used for voice and low-frequency data cables?
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A counterclockwise twist length between 51mm and 152mm (2in and 6in)
When is tight twisting used?

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Within and between computers and other data processing equipment.

Which cable categories use tight twisting?

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Categories 5E and 6
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38
Define electromagnetic interference (EMI).

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Stray electrical energy radiated from electronic equipment and electronic systems.
What problem is caused by temperatures over 20 C (68 F) in balanced twisted-pair cables?

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Increased attenuation
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40
Name 3 places where high temperatures are encountered.

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1) Exterior building walls 2) Ceiling spaces, including plenums 3) Mechanical rooms

Name 3 reasons why attenuation increases with temperature.

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1) Conductor resistance 2) Insulation dielectric constant 3) Dissipation factor

What temperature reference is cited in cabling standards for all twisted-pair cables?
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20 C +- 3 C (68 F +- 37 F)
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43
Which insulation type has the best attenuation values?

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Flourinated ethylene propylene (FEP)
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44
What is a shield?
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A metallic covering or envelope enclosing an insulated conductor, individual group of conductors within a core, and cable core
What are shields made up of?

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Foil or braided metal strands
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46
Name 4 effects of shields.

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They: 1) Reduce the radiated signal from the cable. 2) Reduce the effects of electrical hazards when properly grounded and bonded. 3) Minimize the effect of external electromagnetic interference (EMI) on the conductors within the shielded cable. 4) Increase the capacitance per unit length of cable.
TDMM, 11th ed
47
Name 3 factors of shield effectiveness.

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1)
Type and thickness of the shield material 2) Number and size of openings in the shield 3) Effectiveness of the bonding connection to ground
Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission 48
TDMM, 11th ed
How is shield effectiveness determined?

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By measuring the surface transfer impedance.
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49
Define surface transfer impedance.

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The ratio of the conductor-toshield voltage per unit length to the shield current
Describe solid wall metal tube.

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The best possible shield, displaying superior shielding properties at all frequencies.
Describe conductive nonmetallic materials.

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Semi-conductive tapes made with high carbon content, sometimes used at power and some low audio frequencies.
Name 4 primary criteria for selecting cable shields.

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Nature of the transmitted signal, magnitude of the electromagnetic fields through which the cable will run, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulations, and physical environment and specific mechanical requirements.
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53
Which types of cable shields provide the best coverage?

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Foil and solid-wall conduit
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54
Which types of cable shields provide the best shield effectiveness for audio frequency?
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Foil and solid-wall conduit
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55
Which types of cable shields provide the best shield effectiveness for radio frequency (RF)?
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Multiple-layer braid, foil, and solidwall conduit.

Which types of cable shields provide the best fatigue life?

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Single-layer braid and multiple-layer braid.
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57
Which types of cable shields provide the best tensile strength?

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Single-layer braid, multiple-layer braid, and solid-wall conduit
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58
Define permeability.
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The property of a magnetic substance that determines the degree in which it modifies the magnetic field.
What is the purpose of drain wires?

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To facilitate shield grounding and ensure shield continuity for metallic foil shields.
With what types of shields are drain wires used?

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Foil, nonmetallic, and hybrid shields, and occasionally with braided shields to make shield ground termination easier.
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61
Describe the form of an analog signal.

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A wave that uses continuous variations in time to transmit information

Name the fundamental example of an analog signal.

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Sinusoid
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63
What is a sinusoid?
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An oscillating, periodic signal that is completely described by three parameters: amplitude, frequency, and phase
What defines the frequency of a sinusoid?

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The number of cycle times per second

Define the relationship between frequency and cycle times in a formula format.
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f = 1/T
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66
What is the standard unit of frequency?

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Hertz (Hz)
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67
What is the range of frequencies heard by a human ear?

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20 20,000 Hz
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68
Define phase.
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A description of the reference time, t=0
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69
Present sinusoid in mathematical terms.

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v(t) = A sin(2 ft + ); where A=Amplitude, f=Frequency, =Phase, and t=Time

What did Joseph Fourier discover about analog signals.

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That any analog signal can be mathematically described as a sum of sinusoidal signals that differ in amplitude, frequency, and phase.
What is necessary for the received signal to be an exact duplicate of the transmitted signal?
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The transmission system must not change the frequency of any signal components.
What is the range of very low frequency (VLF)?

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3 30 kilohertz (kHz)
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73
What is the range of low frequency (LF)?

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30 300 kHz
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74
What is the range of medium frequency (MF)?

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300 3000 kHz
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75
What is the range of high frequency (HF)?

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3 30 MHz
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76
What is the range of very high frequency (VHF)?

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30 300 MHz
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77
What is the range of ultra high frequency (UHF)?

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300 3000 MHz
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78
What is the range of community antenna television (CATV)?

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54 1002 MHz
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79
What is the range of super high frequency (SHF)?

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3 30 GHz
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80
Define decibel (dB).

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A measure that compares the power of a signal (P1) relative to some reference power (P2): dB = 10 log (P1/P2)
What happens when a signal encounters a discontinuity in the medium carrying the signal?
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Some of the signal power is reflected back to the transmitter.
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82
What must happen to experience an echo?

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Enough delay to distinguish the echo from the original source of the sound
What is the sum of two sinusoids of the same frequency and zero phase difference?
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A single sinusoid with amplitude of 2A
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84
Define two sinusoids with zero sum.

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180 degrees out of phase
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85
Name 3 basic components of a telecommunications transmission system.

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1) Source of energy 2) Medium to carry the energy 3) Receiving device

What is the purpose of analog telephones?

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To convert sound waves into electrical analog signals that can be transmitted over much longer distances than the sound waves can travel.
What is a receiver?
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A device that converts electrical energy back into sound energy.
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88
When does the maximum transmission of electrical power occur?

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When a transmitting device and a receiving device have the same load resistance or the same impedance.
What is the difference between resistance and impedance?

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Impedance has both a magnitude and phase component.

What impedance is preferred for private line circuits and trunks?

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600 ohms
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91
What impedance is preferred for central office switching system line circuits?
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900 ohms
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92
What improves transmission efficiency and minimizes echo?

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Matching the impedances of the transmission line and the receiver
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93
When principal elements contribute to loss and phase distortion at voice frequencies?
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Conductor resistance and mutual capacitance of the cable pair.
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94
How does increasing the frequency affect the speed of transmission through cable pairs?
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It increases the speed of transmission.

Name 2 characteristics of loading coils?

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They compensate for the capacitance of a cable pair and reduce the capacitive current loading in the range of audio frequencies.
What types of signals do loading coils block and why?

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Analog high fidelity and digital signals; because they cut frequencies above voice grade.
How is adversely affected by loading coils?

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Data transmission.
TDMM, 11th ed
98
How does the loading coil spacing affect the upper cutoff frequency?
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The shorter the spacing is between the loading points, the higher the cutoff frequency.
What types of networks do Internet protocol (IP) telephony systems use?

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Packet-switched data networks for voice communications
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100
What must data networks have to support Internet protocol telephony?

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Quality of Service (QoS) capabilities
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101
What 3 interfaces are available for use with IP telephony?

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1) An IP telephone 2) A PC with IP telephony software and a microphone/speaker or universal serial bus (USB) handset 3) Multi-functional devices with a wireless receiver
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102
What are the 3 common implementation options for IP telephony architecture?

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Separate lines-one for the IP telephone and one for the PC 2) One line for everything using a dual-port IP telephone or a soft phone 3) Wireless connection using access points (AP) to connect the IP phone
1)
What is used to provide uninterrupted power to the telephone set?

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Power over Ethernet (PoE)
TDMM, 11th ed
104
What standard defines the power sources used with Ethernetbased products?
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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standard 802.3af, Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Power via Media Dependent Interface (MDI)
What is the primary medium of direct current (DC) power delivery for power source equipment?
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The two unused pairs in 10Base-T or 100Base-TX (pair 4-5 and pair 7-8) or the signal pairs (pair 1-2 and pair (3-6) directly through the switch ports.
What are the 3 practical power source options for voice over IP?
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1) 3)
VoIP switches with integrated power supplies 2) Midspan units Local power sources, consisting of a simple power source plugged into a regular electrical outlet
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107
What is the advantage of midspan power source units?

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They offer power to IP telephone units using legacy switches.

Define digital signal

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A signal that changes from one state to another in discrete steps
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109
What 3 steps make up the process of converting an analog signal to a digital signal?
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1) Filtering 2) Sampling 3) Quantizing/companding

What sampling rate is required to faithfully reproduce the analog signal when it is converted from analog to digital data and then back to analog?
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At least twice the highest frequency component of the analog signal

Define quantizing.
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Assigning each sampled value a discrete level that approximates the analog signal at the sampling instant.
Define companding
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Assigning a greater number of levels to a sampled value when the speech signal is weak (close to zero) than when the speech signal is strong (close to one)
Define a pulse code modulation (PCM) signal.

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A sampled value assigned one of 256 levels and can be represented by an 8-bit binary number.
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114
What is the highest data rate of digital signal processing

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64kb per second
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115
What data rates are used adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM)?
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40, 32, 24, or 16kb per second
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116
Define time division multiplexing (TDM).

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Combining binary data from several different sources into a single composite bit stream.
How is time division multiplexing (TDM) accomplished?

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By predetermined (deterministic) interleaving of samples from different voice channels along with one or more bits for control purposes to make up a frame.
What is the most popular form of time division multiplexing (TDM)

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Statistical time division multiplexing (TDM) Stat mux

Name 2 examples of time division multiplexing (TDM).

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1) Digital signal level one (DS1) format 2) European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administration (CEPT) PCM-30 format
Describe digital signal level one (DS1) format

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The digital data from 24 speech channels is combined for transmission over a single transmission channel
What is the formulaic expression of the data rate for digital signal one (DS1) format?
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(8b/s channel x 24 channels + 1 framing bit) x 8000 frames/sec = 1.544kb/s

Describe European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) PCM-30 format.
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The digital data from 30 speech channels is combined for transmission over a single transmission channel.
What is the formulaic expression of the data rate for European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administration (CEPT) PCM-30 format?
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(8b/s/channel x 32 channels) x 8000 frames/sec = 2.048kb/s or 2Mb/s

What is demultiplexing?
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The process of reconstituting the individual channels from the composite signal.
What is multiplexing and demultiplexing equipment commonly called?

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Channel bank
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126
True or False? It is possible to extract a single channel from the digital stream without demultiplexing back to the first order stage.
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False
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127
Define 1 superframe in T format.

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12 T1 frames
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128
Define 1 extended superframe in T format.

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24 T1 frames
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129
Define 1 multiframe in E format.

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16 E1 frames
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130
Define bit
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The basic unit of digital data
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131
How is digital data encoded?

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Using digital signals that encode the original sequence of data bits
What is the final step in the encoding process?

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The modification of the shape and pattern of pulses to achieve more efficient transmission
What is the purpose of line-coding technique?

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Eliminate the direct current (DC) component, which can have an adverse effect on signal detection and improve timing recovery.
What are the 2 common methods of encoding?

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1) 2)
Inverting alternate pulses for ones and using a zero level for zeros Manchester (or differential Manchester) coding where each bit within a unit data bit interval is represented by a positive pulse over one half the interval and a negative pulse over the remaining half interval
TDMM, 11th ed
Define baud.
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The rate at which a signal can change state.

How can higher data speeds be achieved?

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Using encoded symbols at lower line rates.
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137
What transmission method is used for high bit rate digital subscriber line (HDSL)?
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2 binary bits encoded into 1 quaternary symbol (2B1Q)

What transmission method is used for integrated services digital network (ISDN primary rate)?
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Bipolar
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139
What transmission method is used for 10Base-T?

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Manchester
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140
What transmission method is used for twisted-pair physical media dependent (TP-PMD)?
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3-level (MLT-3)
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141
Define a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal.

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A signal composed of two sinusoidal carriers, each having the same frequency but differing in phase by one quarter of a cycle.
What are the I and Q signals mathematically equal to, respectively?

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Sine and cosine waves
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143
What happens with I and Q carriers at the transmitter?

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They are amplitude modulated by bits selected from the data.

What happens to the signal consisting of the two amplitude modulated carriers?
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It is both amplitude and phase modulated by the data bits.
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145
What type of modulation does a discrete multitone (DMT) use?

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Multicarrier modulation
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146
How can data rates be adjusted with discrete multitone (DMT)?

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By increasing the number of subbands and by varying the number of bits carried in each subband.
Define 8B/1Q4 PAM5 encoding

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Each group of eight bits (8B) is converted to one transmission of four quinary symbols (1Q4) across four balanced twisted pairs. Each symbol represents two binary bits or zero (PAM5)
Describe a major benefit of digital data transfer over analog data transfer.
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Digital data can be transmitted (noise free) over essentially unlimited distances if the digital data is received and regenerated at intervals before it is degraded by added noise.
Name 3 types of transmission circuits

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1) Simplex 2) Half-duplex 3) Full-duplex

Define a simplex transmission circuit.

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A circuit that transmits signals in one direction only.

Define a half-duplex transmission circuit

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A circuit that transmits signals in either direction but only in one direction at a time.
What equipment does a half-duplex transmission circuit typically comprise?

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Push-to-talk switch arrangement on voice circuits and signaling protocol

Define a full-duplex transmission circuit.

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A circuit that transmits signals in both directions at the same time.

Describe asynchronous transmission.

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It occurs without a precise time relationship in the signal characters or the bits that represent them.
Describe synchronous transmission.

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It is performed by synchronizing the data bits in phase or in unison with equally spaced clock signals or pulses.
Which transmission type is less efficient, asynchronous or synchronous, and why?

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Asynchronous transmission is less efficient because it requires the addition of some combination of start and stop bits to the data stream.
What are the 5 levels of multiplexing used in North America?

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1)
Digital signal (DS) 0 2) DS-1 3) DS-1C 4) DS-2 5) DS-3

TDMM, 11th ed
What are a typical transmission rate and the number of channels in DS-1?
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1.544 Mb/s and 24 channels
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159
What are the typical transmission rate and the number of channels in DS-1C?
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160
What are a typical transmission rate and the number of channels in DS-2?
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161
Which are a typical transmission rate and the number of channels in DS-3?
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44.736Mb/s and 672 channels
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162
Which are a typical transmission rate and the number of channels in DS-4?
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163
What are the 4 levels of multiplexing in Europe?

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E1, E2, E3, and E4
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164
What are the typical transmission rate and the number of channels in E1?
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165
What are a typical transmission rate and the number of channels in E2?
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166
Which are a typical transmission rate and the number of channels in E3?
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167
Which are a typical transmission rate and the number of channels in E4?
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168
What are the 3 characteristics of basic rate integrated services digital network (ISDN)?
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1) Intended for residential and small business users 2) Uses a digital signal comprising two 64kb/s B channels for voice and data and one 16kb/s D channel for signaling and packet data 3) Has a total information capacity of 144 kb/s.
What are the 3 characteristics of primary rate integrated services digital network (ISDN) North America?
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1) Intended for large business users 2) Has a total information capacity of 1.536 Mb/s 3) Uses a digital signal comprising 23 B channels and one D channel, each operating at 64 kb/s
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170
What are the 3 characteristics of primary rate integrated services digital network (ISDN) Europe?
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1) Intended for large business users 2) Has a total information capacity of 1.92 Mb/s 3) Uses a digital signal comprising 30 B channels and one D channel, each operating at 64 kb/s
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171
Define high bit-rate digital subscriber line (HDSL).

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A technology that transmits 1.544 Mb/s or 2.048 Mb/s in bandwidths of less than 500 kHz both upstream and downstream, depending upon the specific technique.
Define symmetrical digital subscriber line (SDSL).

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A single-pair version of high bit-rate digital subscriber line (HDSL), transmitting up to DS-1 rate signals over a single balanced twisted-pair.
Define asymmetrical digital subscriber line (ADSL).

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It allows more bandwidth downstream (server to client) than upstream (client to server).
What down-to-upstream ratio is required for a good Internet performance?

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10:1
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175
What do asymmetrical digital subscriber line (ADSL) modems incorporate to reduce errors caused by signal noise?
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Forward error correction (FEC)
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176
What is a characteristic of rateadaptive digital subscriber line (RADSL) products?

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They allow the option of selecting the highest practical operating speed automatically or the speed specified by the access provider (AP).
What are the 3 general ranges of very high bit rate digital subscriber line (VDSL) downstream rates?
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1) 12.96 to 13.8 Mb/s 2) 25.92 to 27.6 Mb/s 3) 51.84 to 55.2 Mb/s

What are the 3 general ranges of very high bit rate digital subscriber line (VDSL) upstream rates?
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1) 1.6 to 2.3 Mb/s 2) 19.2 Mb/s 3) Equal to downstream

Define a baseband analog video signal.

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A continuous varying signal whose magnitude and frequency represent the video content (i.e., luminance, chrominance, and synchronization)
Name 2 types of baseband analog video signal.

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1) Composite 2) component
Describe composite format

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The analog signal that contains all of the components necessary to construct a monochrome or color picture but contains no audio information.
Describe component format

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A signal that keeps separate the three color components, red, green, and blue (RGB), of the image using three cables to carry the video signal.
Define the term broadband video.

reference page 1-58 Composite baseband video and audio signals that are respectively amplitude and frequency modulated with a radio frequency (RF) carrier in accordance with the video and audio information that is conveyed.
What cable category supports baseband composite signaling?

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Category 3 or higher
TDMM, 11th ed
185
What cable category supports component signaling?

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Category 3 or higher
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186
What cable category supports broadband analog community antenna television (CATV) signaling?
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Category 5e or higher
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187
Name the components of an idealized transmission line.

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Two conductors separated by a dielectric material uniformly spaced over the lines length.
How can a transmission line be represented?

reference page 1-61
By an electrical circuit containing only passive components that are arranged in a ladder network.
What are the primary transmission line parameters?

reference page 1-62
Series resistance, series inductance, mutual capacitance, and mutual conductance.

Define series resistance (RLine).

reference page 1-62
Expressed in ohms, it is the loop resistance of a pair of conductors for an incremental length (X).
Define series inductance (LLine).

reference page 1-62
Expressed in henries (H), it is the loop inductance of a pair of conductors for an incremental length (X).
Define mutual capacitance (CLine).

reference page 1-62
Expressed in faradays (F), it is the loop capacitance of a pair of conductors for an incremental length (X).
Define mutual conductance (GLine).

reference page 1-62
Expressed in siemens (S), it is the loop conductance of a pair of conductors for an incremental length (X).
Define characteristic impedance (Z0).

reference page 1-64
It corresponds to the input impedance of a uniform transmission line of infinite length.

When is maximum power transferred from the source to the load relative to impedance?
reference page 1-64
When the source impedance (Zs) and the terminating impedance (Zt) are equal to the complex conjugate of the transmission line characteristic impedance (Z0).
Define attenuation
reference page 1-64
It corresponds to the ratio in decibels (dB) of the input power to the output power when the load and source impedance are matched to the characteristic impedance of the cable.
Define crosstalk
reference page 1-65
Signal interference between cable pairs.

What causes crosstalk?

reference page 1-65
Adjacent pairs of conductors and nearby cables.

What is a signal traveling from the input to the output delayed by?
reference page 1-65
An amount equal to the length of cable divided by the velocity of propagation (v) for the transmission medium.
What does the velocity of propagation depend on?

reference page 1-65
The properties of the dielectric materials surrounding the conductors.

State the range of typical values for nominal velocity of propagation (NVP).
reference page 1-65
0.6c to 0.9c
TDMM, 11th ed
202
Define delay skew.

reference page 1-66
The difference in propagation delay between any pairs within the same cable sheath.
Define reflection coefficient.

reference page 1-67
The magnitude of the reflection caused by the difference between the terminating impedance and the characteristic impedance of a cable.
What is the formula for reflection coefficient ( )?

reference page 1-67
p = (Zt Z0)/(Zt + Z0)
TDMM, 11th ed
205
What is return loss?

reference page 1-67
The power of the reflected signal
TDMM, 11th ed
206
What is the formula for return loss?

reference page 1-67
RL = 10 log (p2)
TDMM, 11th ed
207
What is mismatch loss?

reference page 1-67
The amount by which the power of a transmitted signal is reduced.

What is the formula for mismatch loss?

reference page 1-67
M = 10 log (1-p2)
TDMM, 11th ed
209
What is signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)?

reference page 1-68
The relationship between the level of the received signal and the level of the received noise.
What is the formula for signal-tonoise ratio (SNR)?

reference page 1-68
Where V0 is received signal voltage level; Vn is noise signal voltage level at the receiver; and Vi is transmitted signal voltage level.
What is attenuation-to-crosstalk ratio (ACR)?

reference page 1-68
The ratio obtained by subtracting attenuation from near-end crosstalk (NEXT)

What is power sum attenuation-to-crosstalk ratio (PSACR)?

reference page 1-68
The ratio obtained by subtracting attenuation from attenuation from the power sum near-end crosstalk (PSNEXT) loss.
What are balanced twistedpair cables commonly used for?

reference page 1-69
Data communications in buildings.
TDMM, 11th ed
214
What does a balanced twistedpair channel include as defined by cabling standards?

reference page 1-69
All cables, cords, and connections from an equipment connection at one end to the equipment connection at the other end.
What are the most important balanced twisted-pair transmission parameters?

reference page 1-69
Signal attenuation as a function of frequency, signal reflections at terminations, and the amount of noise relative to the received signal.
What is the nominal characteristic impedance of balanced twisted-pair cables?

reference page 1-69
100 ohms at 100 MHz
TDMM, 11th ed
217
What eight components may make up a balanced twistedpair channel?

reference page 1-70
Telecommunications outlet/connector; balanced twisted-pair cable of 90m (295 ft); Cross-connect system; equipment and patch cords; consolidation point (CP); horizontal connection point (HCP); transition point (TP); and multiuser telecommunications outlet assembly (MUTOA) Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission
TDMM, 11th ed
218
What is channel attenuation?

reference page 1-71
The sum of the attenuation of the various components in the test channel plus the attenuation deviation adjusted for temperature.
What is channel near-end crosstalk (NEXT) loss?

reference page 1-71
The vector sum of crosstalk induced in the cable, connectors, and patch cords.
What is power sum near-end crosstalk (NEXT) loss?

reference page 1-71
A computation of the unwanted signal coupling from multiple transmitters at the near end into a pair measured at the far end.
What is return loss?

reference page 1-71
A measure of the reflected energy caused by impedance mismatches in the cabling system.
Explain the term available bandwidth.

reference page 1-72
The frequency range where the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is positive.

What makes up a permanent link?

reference page 1-74
Up to 90m (295 ft) horizontal cabling, including a connector at each end.

Who should the designer consult to determine the overall suitability of the cabling?
reference page 1-76
Cabling systems suppliers, equipment manufacturers, and systems integrators.

Name 5 examples of restrictions on shared sheaths for specific applications using binder groups in multipair cables with category 3 transmission characteristics.
reference page 1-81
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) TDMM, 11th ed No more than twelve 10Base-T systems in a common binder group. ANSI/TIA/EIA-232-F and ISDN applications should be on separate binder groups. 3270-type signals converted to balanced twisted-pair should not share the same binder group as 10M Ethernet. Signals from hosts with multiple controllers should not share the same binder group Signals with significantly different power levels should not share the same binder group Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission
226
Name 3 advantages of media conversion to balanced twistedpair.

reference page 1-82
3)
TDMM, 11th ed
1) Cost-effective 2) Simpler to implement Requires less space in risers/conduits

What are the 3 main categories of terminal interfaces?

reference page 1-82
1) Impedance-matching devices 2) Signal converters 3) Media filters

What is an impedancematching devices?

reference page 1-82
Adapting the balanced impedance of the twisted-pairs to the unbalanced impedance of coaxial cables.
What is a signal converter?

reference page 1-82
An electronic device that receives one type of signal and outputs another type of signal.
What is a media filter?

reference page 1-83
A device that eliminates unwanted frequencies affecting link performance that could radiate from the balanced twisted-pair cable.
What is a transceiver?
reference page 1-83
A radio frequency (RF) device capable of sending and receiving radio frequencies.
What are the basic 3 elements of a telecommunications system?

reference page 1-85
1) Transmitter 2) Medium 3) Receiver

Describe the work of an optical transmitter.

reference page 1-85
It converts electrical signals to optical signals for transmission over an optical fiber cable.
Name 5 common characteristics of light pulses.

reference page 1-86
Center wavelength, spectral width, emission pattern, average power, and modulation frequency
What are the 4 nominal wavelengths of optical fiber transmitters?

reference page 1-86
1) 850 nanometers (nm) 2) 1300 nm 3) 1310 nm 4) 1550 nm

Define spectral width.

reference page 1-87
A range of wavelengths spread around a center wavelength over which the total power emitted by a transmitter is distributed.
How do wide spectral widths affect dispersion of light pulses?

reference page 1-88
They increase the dispersion.
TDMM, 11th ed
238
Define the average power of a transmitter.

reference page 1-89
The mean level of power output of a given light source during modulation.
What 2 parameters is the average coupled power specified for?

reference page 1-89
1) Optical fiber core size 2) Numerical aperture (NA)

Define the modulation frequency of a transmitter.

reference page 1-91
the rate at which the transmission changes in intensity.
TDMM, 11th ed
241
Name 4 major types of transmitter light sources.

reference page 1-91
1) light-emitting diodes (LED) 2) Short wavelength lasers (CD) 3) Vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) 4) Laser diodes (LD) or lasers
What are the 2 center wavelength ranges for lightemitting diodes (LED)?
reference page 1-91
1) 800 to 900 nanometers (nm) 2) 1250 to 1340 nm

What is the spectral width of light-emitting diodes (LED)?

reference page 1-91 30 to 60 nanometers (nm) full width half maximum (FWHM) in the lower region (near 850 nm) and up to 150 nm FWHM in the higher region (near 1300 nm)
What is the modulation frequency of light-emitting diodes (LED)?

reference page 1-91
Most are under 200 MHz but can be as high as 600 MHz
What is the average launched power level of light-emitting diodes (LED)?

reference page 1-91
-10 to -30 decibel milliwatts (dBm)
TDMM, 11th ed
246
What is the center wavelength of short wavelength lasers?

reference page 1-92
780 nanometers (nm)
TDMM, 11th ed
247
What is the spectral width of short wavelength lasers?

reference page 1-92
4 nanometers (nm)
TDMM, 11th ed
248
What is the modulation frequency of short wavelength lasers?

reference page 1-92
1 GHz and higher
TDMM, 11th ed
249
What is the average launched power level of short wavelength lasers?

reference page 1-92
+1 to -5 decibel milliwatts (dBm)
TDMM, 11th ed
250
What is the center wavelength of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL)?
reference page 1-93
850 nm and 1300 nm
TDMM, 11th ed
251
What is the spectral width of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL)?
reference page 1-93
1 to 6 nm
TDMM, 11th ed
252
What is the modulation frequency of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSEL)?
reference page 1-93
5 GHz and higher
TDMM, 11th ed
253
What is the average launched power level of vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL)?
reference page 1-93
TDMM, 11th ed
254
What is the center wavelength of laser diodes (LD)?

reference page 1-94
1300 nm and 1550 nm
TDMM, 11th ed
255
What is the spectral width of laser diodes (LD)?

reference page 1-94
1 to 6 nm
TDMM, 11th ed
256
What is the modulation frequency of laser diodes (LD)?

reference page 1-94
5 GHz and higher
TDMM, 11th ed
257
What is the average launched power level of laser diodes (LD)?

reference page 1-94
TDMM, 11th ed
258
Name 3 characteristic parameters of optical fiber receivers.

reference page 1-96
1) Sensitivity 2) Bit error rate (BER) 3) Dynamic range

Define sensitivity of an optical fiber receiver.

reference page 1-94
The minimum power level an incoming signal must have to achieve an acceptable level of performance.
Define BER.
reference page 1-96
Bit error rate The fractional number of errors allowed to occur between the transmitter and receiver.
Define dynamic range.

reference page 1-96
The range of power that a receiver can process at a specified bit error rate (BER).
Which 3 key factors determine the choice of optical fiber?

reference page 1-97
1) Active equipment 2) Distance 3) Bandwidth

Define bandwidth.
reference page 1-98
The information-carrying capacity of a system.

What are the essential determinants of the end-to-end bandwidth in an optical fiber system?
reference page 1-98
Transmitter and optical fiber

Define rise time.

reference page 1-98
The time is takes transmitters to change from a low power state (logical 0) to a high power state (logical 1).
Define a unit of maximum optical fiber dispersion.

reference page 1-101
Picoseconds of pulse broadening per the product of nanometers (nm) of transmitter spectral width and system length (ps/nm-km)
Which 3 effects does the calculation of bandwidth requirements for a multimode system combine?
1) Transmitter rise time 2) Optical fiber modal dispersion 3) Chromatic dispersion

Define chromatic dispersion.

An event that occurs when the wider range of wavelengths in each pulse travels at a wider range of individual speeds.
Define modal dispersion.

An event that occurs when a pulse of light, which consists of hundreds of modes in a MM optical fiber, broadens in time as it travels through the optical fiber.
State the two major types of optical fiber cable.

1) Multimode 2) Singlemode
TDMM, 11th ed
271
Which premises applications is multimode fiber best suited for?

reference page 1-105 Where links are less than: 2000m (6560ft) for data rates of 155Mb/s or less. 550m (1804ft) for data rates of 1Gb/s or less. 300m (984ft) for data rates of 10Gb/s or less.
TDMM, 11th ed
272
Which applications is singlemode fiber best suited for?

When: Bandwidth requirements exceed MM Distances exceed MM capability The application requires SM
What are the 2 popular sizes of MM optical fiber cables?

(core diameter/cladding diameter)
1) 62.5/125 m 2) 50/125 m
What is the core diameter of SM optical fiber cables?

(core diameter/cladding diameter is always 125 m)
Between 8 and 9 m
TDMM, 11th ed
275
What is the maximum attenuation value for SM outside cable at 1310 and 1550 nanometers (nm)?
0.5 decibels/kilometer (dB/km)

What is the maximum attenuation value for SM inside cable at 1310 and 1550 nanometers (nm)?
1.0 decibels/kilometer (dB/km)
TDMM, 11th ed
277
What is the maximum attenuation value for the 50/125 m MM cable at 850 nanometers (nm)?
3.5 decibels/kilometers (dB/km)

What is the maximum attenuation value for the 62.5/125 m MM cable at 1300 nanometers (nm)?
1.5 decibels/kilometers (dB/km)
TDMM, 11th ed
279
How is the optical fiber cable bandwidth validated?

Through manufacturers specification and quality checking of the product specification sheets with the installed components.
How is the maximum permissible end-to-end attenuation determined?

By the average transmitter power and the receiver sensitivity
TDMM, 11th ed
281
State the 3 objectives of calculating optical fiber performance.

1) Calculate the link loss budget 2) Calculate the passive cable system attenuation loss 3) Verify performance
What is the link loss budget?

The maximum allowable loss for the end-to-end cable system.

What does the calculation of passive cable system attenuation loss include?
Optical fiber loss, connector loss, splice loss, and other component losses
What is the maximum recommended connection loss?

0.75 decibels (dB)
TDMM, 11th ed
285
How is the maximum recommended splice loss?

0.3 decibels (dB)
TDMM, 11th ed
286

RCDD Flash Cards - Chapter 1 Principle of Transmission

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Define electrical conductor.

reference page 1-2

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

Name 4 common electrical conductors used to make wire and cable.

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

True or False? Silver and gold are good electrical conductors.

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

Describe a copper-covered steel conductor.

Describe a high-strength copper alloy conductor.

Name the conductor that has the poorest corrosion resistance.

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

Name the conductor that has the poorest oxidation resistance.

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

Name the conductor that has the best tensile strength.

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

Describe the process of creating stranded conductors.

Twisting or stranding together a number of small-gauge solid conductors

Name 3 advantages of solid conductors.

Name 3 advantages of stranded conductors.

Define a composite conductor.

A conductor constructed from non-traditional materials (e.g., metallic resins or graphite.

Name 5 advantages of composite conductors.

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

Name 4 disadvantages of composite conductors.

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

What do the sizes in American wire gauge (AWG) roughly represent?

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

What do the smaller sizes in American wire gauge (AWG) represent?

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

What do the larger sizes in American wire gauge (AWG) represent?

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

What is 1 mil equal to in millimeters (mm) and inches (in)?

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

What is the smallest size in American wire gauge (AWG)?

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

What is the largest size in American wire gauge (AWG)?

4/0 = 460 mil

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

Stranded, due to the additional crosssectional area between the strands.

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

What is the purpose of insulation?

The electrical performance of balanced twisted-pair cables is inversely proportional to?

The insulations dielectric constant and dissipation factor

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

What happens with electromagnetic (EM) coupling though dielectrics?

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

1) Flourinated ethylene propylene (FEP) 2) Ethylene chlorotriflouroethylene (ECTFE)

Define dielectric constant.

Define dielectric strength.

Define dissipation factor.

Define insulation resistance.

The insulations ability to resist the flow of current through it.

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

What is the main reason for twisting conductor pairs?

What is pair-to-pair capacitance unbalance?

What is mutual conductance?

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

What is done to minimize crosstalk within a multi-pair cable?

Each pair is given a different twist length within a standard range.

Chapter 1 - Principles of Transmission

When is tight twisting used?

Within and between computers and other data processing equipment.

Which cable categories use tight twisting?