07 Understanding Routing

Module 7: Understanding Routing
CSE-Network ManagementIntroduction
www.cisco.com
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
1-1
Agenda
What Is Routing? Network Addressing Routing Protocols
CSE: Networking FundamentalsRouting
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7-2
What is Routing?
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1-3
What Is Routing?
Routing is:
Finding a path between a source and destination (path determination) Moving information across an internetwork from a source to a destination (switching*) Very complex in large networks because of the many potential intermediate nodes
A router is:
A network layer device that forwards packets from one network to another and determines the optimal path for forwarding network traffic
The term switching, when used to describe a routers function, is different from a switch (the network device).
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1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 7-4
RoutersLayer 3
Routing Table
192.168.3.0 192.168.1.0 192.168.2.0 Frame Relay Ethernet FDDI
Remote Location
Network 192.168.3.0 Frame Relay Main Site
Network 192.168.1.0 Ethernet

Network 192.168.2.0 FDDI

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7-5
Where are Routers Used?
LAN-to-LAN connectivity LAN-to-WAN connectivity Remote access
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7-6
LAN-to-LAN Connectivity
X
A A C C
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
B B
A
Network Data Link Physical
B
C
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Routers encapsulate and de-encapsulate data packets as they are transferred from system X to system Y
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7-7
Path Determination
2 4 1 3 5 8 6 7 9 10
Which Path?
11
Routers find the best path through the network Routing tables contain route information Network addresses represent the path of media connections to a destination
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7-8
Multiprotocol Routing
Routing Tables IPX 3a.0800.5678.12ab
Novell Apple
IPX 4b.0800.0121.ab13
DEC
IP
Token Ring
IP 15.16.50.3
AppleTalk 100.110
VAX
DECnet 5.8
Token Ring
IP 15.16.42.8 AppleTalk 200.167

VAX
DECnet 10.1
IP 15.17.132.6
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Routing Tables
Routing algorithms
Initialize and maintain routing tables to help with path determination
To Reach Network: 27 57 17 24 11 72 Send To: Node A Node B Node C Node B Node B Node A
Route information types

Destination/next-hop associations Path desirability Vary depending on routing algorithm
Message = Routing table maintenance communications

Routing update messages Link-state advertisement
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7-10
Routing Algorithm Goals

Optimality
Selecting the best route based on metrics and metric weightings used in the calculation
Simplicity and low overhead

Efficient routing algorithm functionality with a minimum of software and utilization overhead
Robustness and stability

Correct performance in the face of unusual or unforeseen circumstances (e.g., high load)
Rapid convergence
Fast agreement, by all routers, on optimal routes
Flexibility
Quick and accurate adaptation to changes in router availability, bandwidth, queue size, etc.
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7-11
Routing Metrics
Path length
Total hop count or sum of cost per network link
Reliability
Dependability (bit error rate) of each network link
Delay
Useful because it depends on bandwidth, queues, network congestion, and physical distance
Communication cost
Operating expenses of links (private versus public)
Bandwidth and load

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7-12
Network Addressing
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1-13
Network and Node Addresses

Network 1 Node 1 2 3 1 1
1.2 1.1 1.3 1 3.1 3 2.1
2 3
Network addressPath part used by the router Node addressSpecific port or device on the network
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7-14
Addressing Examples
Network Address 1. 10. 1aceb0b 10. DNIC
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Protocol General TCP/IP Novell IPX AppleTalk X.25

Node/Host Address 4 8.2.48 0000.0c00.6e25 1. NTN

NTN: National Terminal Number
Subnetwork Addressing
INTERNET
131.108.0.0
131.108.1.0 131.108.2.0 131.108.5.0
Subdividing address space into smaller blocks

Helps organize network Security (keeps HR separately addressable) ScalabilityKeeps traffic to appropriate segments Allows single, summarized routing entry (131.108.0.0) to be advertised to external networks Specific route entries (131.108.8.0) required only for routers in the subnetted block
131.108.3.0
HR
131.108.6.0
131.108.4.0 131.108. 8.0
Manufacturing
131.108.7.0
131.108.9.0
R&D
131.108.10.0
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Routing Algorithm Types

Single-path versus multi-path Flat versus hierarchical Host-intelligent versus router-intelligent Intradomain versus interdomain Static versus dynamic routing Link state versus distance vector
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7-17
Static Routing
Manual table updates by a network administrator Benefits
A
Reflects administrators special topology knowledge PrivateNot conveyed to other routers in updates Avoids the overhead of dynamic routing
Stub network
B Stub Network
When a node is accessible by only one path, a static route is sufficient Point-to-point or circuit-switched connection
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7-18
Dynamic Routing
Most internetworks use dynamic routing
B C
B C
A network change blocks the established path...

and an alternate route is found dynamically.

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Distance Vector versus Link State

Distance vector Sends routing table info only to neighbors, so change communication may need one min/router Also called routing by rumor Easy to configure, but slow Link state Floods routing information about itself to all nodes, so changes are known immediately Efficient, but complex to configure Ciscos EIGRP hybrid Efficient and easy to configure
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7-20
Routing Protocols
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1-21
Routed versus Routing Protocols

Routed protocols used between routers to direct user traffic; also called network protocols
Examples: IP, IPX, DECnet, AppleTalk, NetWare, OSI, VINES
Routing protocols used between routers to maintain routing tables

Examples: RIP, IGRP, OSPF, BGP, EIGRP
Network Protocol Protocol name
Destination Exit Port Network to Use 1.0 2.0 3.0 1.1 2.1 3.1
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7-22
Routing Protocol Evolutions

EIGRP IGRP
Distance vector Developed by Cisco Addresses problems in large, heterogeneous networks Hybrid protocol Developed by Cisco Superior convergence and operating efficiency Merges benefits of link state & distance vector
RIP
Distance vector Most common IGP Uses hop count
OSPF
Link state, hierarchical Successor to RIP Uses least-cost routing, multipath routing, and load balancing Derived from IS-IS
Distance Vector Hybrid Link State

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7-23
RIP and IGRP
19.2 k 64k 64k 64k
19.2 k 64k 64k 64k
RIP Industry standard that selects the path with the fewest hops
IGRP Cisco protocol that selects the fastest path (using load, distance, etc.)
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OSPF and EIGRP

Aspect
Topology Memory & CPU requirements Routing table size Controlling body Convergence Configuration Supported protocols
OSPF
Hierarchical High Large Industry standard Fast Difficult IP
EIGRP
Not restricted Moderate Moderate Cisco proprietary Fast Easy IP IPX AppleTalk
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Summary
Routers move data across networks from a source to a destination Routers determine the optimal path for forwarding network traffic Routing protocols communicate reachability information between routers
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7-26
Presentation_ID
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27

07 Understanding Routing

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Module 7: Understanding Routing

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

What Is Routing? Network Addressing Routing Protocols

CSE: Networking FundamentalsRouting

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsRouting

Network 192.168.3.0 Frame Relay Main Site

Network 192.168.1.0 Ethernet

Network 192.168.2.0 FDDI

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Where are Routers Used?

LAN-to-LAN connectivity LAN-to-WAN connectivity Remote access

CSE: Networking FundamentalsRouting

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

IP 15.16.42.8 AppleTalk 200.167

Route information types

Message = Routing table maintenance communications

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Routing Algorithm Goals

Simplicity and low overhead

Robustness and stability

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Bandwidth and load

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Network and Node Addresses

CSE: Networking FundamentalsRouting

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Protocol General TCP/IP Novell IPX AppleTalk X.25

Node/Host Address 4 8.2.48 0000.0c00.6e25 1. NTN

NTN: National Terminal Number

Subdividing address space into smaller blocks

131.108.4.0 131.108. 8.0

CSE: Networking FundamentalsRouting

Routing Algorithm Types

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

A network change blocks the established path...

and an alternate route is found dynamically.

Distance Vector versus Link State

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Routed versus Routing Protocols

Routing protocols used between routers to maintain routing tables

Network Protocol Protocol name

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Routing Protocol Evolutions

Distance Vector Hybrid Link State

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

RIP and IGRP

19.2 k 64k 64k 64k

19.2 k 64k 64k 64k

OSPF and EIGRP

CSE: Networking FundamentalsRouting

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

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