Animal Tissues

Topic 1.4 Epithelial Cell Nerve Cell

OBJECTIVES
 To

describe the structure, distribution & functions of Epithelium cells. describe the structure, distribution & functions of nerve cells.

 To

INTRODUCTION


Biologist classify animal tissues as :

i. ii. iii. iv. Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Muscle tissue Nervous tissue

 

Classification of tissues depends on their structure and origin Each kind of tissue (and subtissue) is composed of cells with characteristics sizes, shapes and arrangements and each type of tissue is specialized to perform a specific function or group of functions

The Characteristics of Epithelial Tissues

  

Epithelial tissue covers the whole surface of the body It is made up of cells closely packed and range in one or more layers This tissue is specialized to form the covering or lining of all internal and external body surfaces Epithelial cells are packed tightly together, with almost no intercellular spaces and only a small amount of intercellular substance

Characteristics (cont)


Epithelial tissue, regardless the type, is usually separated from the underlying tissue by a thin sheet of connective tissue: tissue: basement membrane
The basement membrane provides structural support for the epithelium and also binds to neighbouring structures

Epithelial cells are attached to one another



Special devices (intercellular junctions) provide structural integrity of the epithelium There are several types of cell junctions. junctions. i. Adhering junctions (or desmosomes) ii. Tight junctions iii. Gap junctions

 

Adhering junctions
Provide mechanical attachment

Tight junctions
Block diffusion Helps assure adequate separation different fluid compartments between

Gap junctions
Provide direct intercytoplasmic communication between joined cells That is, ions or small molecules can pass through gap junctions directly from the cytoplasm of one cell into the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell, without passing into intercellular space

Types of epithelial tissue



i. ii.

Can be divided into two groups depending on the number of layers of which it composes Epithelial tissue which is only one cell thick is known as simple epithelium If it is two or more cells thick such as the skin, it is known as stratified epithelium

Types of Epithelial Tissues

Epithelial Tissues

Simple Epithelial Tissues

Stratified Epithelial Tissues

Pseudostratified Epithelial Tissues

Functions of Epithelial Tissues



Protection
Epithelial cells from the skin protect underlying tissue from mechanical injury, harmful chemicals, invading bacteria and from excessive loss of water

Sensation
Sensory stimuli penetrate specialized epithelial cells Specialized epithelial tissue containing sensory nerve endings is found in the skin, eyes, ears, nose and on the tongue

Epithelial cells

Taste pore

Taste receptor cell

Papillae

Taste bud

50 m

 Secretion

In glands, epithelial tissue is specialized to secrete specific chemical substances such as enzymes, hormones and lubricating fluids
 Absorption

Certain epithelial cells lining the small intestine absorb nutrients from the digestion of food
 Excretion

Epithelial tissues in kidney excrete waste products from the body and reabsorb needed materials from the urine Sweat is also excreted from the body by epithelial cells in the sweat glands

Diffusion
Simple epithelium promotes the diffusion of gases, liquids and Because they form a thin lining, they are ideal for the diffusion of gases (eg: walls of capillaries and lungs)

Cleaning
Ciliated epithelium assists in removing dust particles and foreign bodies which have entered the air passages

Reduces friction
The smooth, tightly interlocking, epithelial cells that line the entire circulatory system reduce friction between the blood and the walls of the blood vessels

Simple Epithelial Tissues -can be subdivided according to the shape of its cells
Simple squamous epithelial tissues.

Simple cuboidal epithelial tissues.

Simple columnar epithelial tissues.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

  

Squamous cells consists of a single, very thin layer flattened cells View from the surface, they are polygonalpolygonalshape Squamous cells have horizontal flattened, elliptical nuclei because of the thin flattened form of the cell
Simple squamous epithelial tissue of frog skin

 Locations: Locations:

Capillary walls, alveoli of the lungs, covering visceral organs, lining body cavities, glomerulus of the kidney
 Functions: Functions:

Diffusion and filtration

Simple squamous tissue in lung alveoli

Simple squamous tissue in line the walls of blood vessels

Fig. 52.7

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

   

Cuboidal cells are roughly square or cuboidal in shape Each cell has a spherical nucleus in the centre Commonly encountered in glandular ducts Cuboidal epithelial cells may be active or passive, depending on location and cellular specialization

Simple cuboidal epithelium

 Locations

:
salivary ducts,

Lining kidney tubules, pancreatic ducts

 Functions

Secretion, excretion and absorption

Cuboidal cells that line kidneys tubule

Simple Columnar Tissue

 The

cells are elongated and columncolumnshaped  The nuclei are elongated and are usually located near the base of the cells

i. Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli

A cross section through small intestine.  Since columnar cells are quite thick, they do not readily allow passive diffusion.  These cells use active transport to move nutrients through them from the intestine to the blood  They have numerous microvilli on their apical surface area to allow for greater absorption


 Location

lining of the stomach and intestines

 Function

absorption

Intestinal microvili

ii. Ciliated Columnar Epithelium



 

These are simple columnar epithelial cells, but in addition, they posses fine hair-like hairoutgrowths, cilia on their free surfaces These cilia are capable of rapid, rhythmic, wavelike beatings in a certain direction This movement of the cilia causes the mucus, which is secreted by the goblet cells, to trap inhaled dirt, bacteria and other foreign particles and deliver them to the digestive system

Epithelial tissues lining the cavities and passageways of the body has some specialized mucusmucus-secreting cells called the goblet cells The mucus lubricates these surfaces, offers protection and facilitates movement of materials Mucus contains a substance called mucin, which chemically destroys invaders

GOBLET CELLS


The name goblet cell derives from the characteristic shape of these cells Their nucleus is at the base of the cell, along with organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Golgi. The remainder of the cell is filled with membrane-bound membranesecretory granules filled with mucus. mucus.

 Location

Usually found in the air passages like nose Also found in the uterus and Fallopian tubes of females
 Function

In the female reproductive system, the movement of cilia propel the ovum to the uterus

The Oviduct

STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL TISSUES

Where body lining have to withstand wear and tear, the epithelia are composed of several layers of cells and are called compound or stratified epithelium 1. 2. 3. 4. Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium Transitional epithelium

Stratified Squamous Epithelium



Consists of flattened cells on the surface overlying multiple layers of cells that usually are more cuboidal or columnar toward the base of the epithelium

The lower cells (basal cells) are mitotically active and replace the cells of the epithelium which are lost by wear and tear. Division of lower cells causes older one to be pushed upward towards the surface, becoming flattened as they moved.

   

Stratified squamous epithelium is usually protective The multiple layers are too thick for efficient transport of materials Outer layers may be keratinized (dead and hardened) on dry surfaces such as skin Keratinization provides extra protection against abrasion and dessication

The epidermis and dermis of a frog

Alternatively, outer layer may be nonnonkeratinized on wet, mucous surfaces, such as the cornea of the eye or the lining of the upper gastrointestinal tract (eg : cheek and esophagus)

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

 

Stratified Columnar epithelium is rare. rare. One place you can find it is in the largest ducts of salivary glands The basal layer of cells are cuboidal cells and the layer nearest the apical surface includes columnar cells

Notice how the bottom layer (Red Line), looks cuboidal in nature but the because the top layer is columnar, and it is the top layer which determines the classification, classification, this is called stratified columnar.  Green line - Top layer  Red Line - Bottom layer


Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium



Sweat gland ducts are examples of stratified cuboidal epithelium, usually however there are only two layers of cells

This is an image of a duct from a sweat gland. These ducts are lined with Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium indicated by the yellow arrows.

Pseudostratified & Transitional Epithelia

 These

two types of epithelia are difficult to classify using the shape of the cells in the surface layer and the number of the cell layers as criteria
Pseudostratified epithelium

Transitional epithelium

Transitional Epithelium
 Transitional

epithelium is found exclusively in the excretory urinary passages (pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder and part of the urethra)  The name transitional derives from this tissues ability to change its shape from cuboidal to squamous when stretched

Transitional epithelium is designed to distend and return to its normal size, as it does in the lining of the urinary bladder. bladder. This design provides distensibility and keeps urine from diffusing back into the internal cavity. cavity.

 

 

The white line is defining the length of the epithelium. Notice how the cells look different at the top than the bottom. The arrangement makes sense functionally because by the top most layer being plump (orange arrow), allows them to be compressed when the bladder is full. HINT: If the top cells are plump, the bladder or lumen is empty. If they are flat, it is full. White line- defines height of lineepithelium Orange Arrow - "plump" cell

 

 

Now this is the same type of epithelium, but look how different it looks now. You almost want to call this stratified squamous. But because of the fact that this bladder or lumen is full the plump cells are now flattened (orange arrow). This flattening allows for distention of the bladder to hold your urine so you don't have to go to the bathroom every five minutes. White line - Height of epithelium Orange arrow - Flattened "plump" cells

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium



Epithelium consists only one layer of cells with all the cells attach at the one end to the basement membrane Not all cells have a free surface Nuclei of cells are found at the different levels giving a stratified appearance Apical surface may have cilia

 

FUNCTION
-Goblet cells secrete mucus as lubricant and trap dust particles and microbes -Cilia in ciliated epithelium move fluids to the pharynx for swallowing

LOCATION
- Trachea - Bronchus

Glandular Epithelium
epithelium forms glands  Glands secrete things and are classified as endocrine or exocrine. exocrine.
Endocrine glands secrete things into the bloodstream, like hormones. hormones. Exocrine glands secrete things that go outside of the body, like mucus and sweat
 Glandular

Exocrine Glands


In exocrine glands, the connection between the gland and the epithelial membrane is maintained as a duct The duct channels the product of the gland to the surface of the epithelial membrane and thus to the external environment Eg: Eg: Mammary glands, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil glands)

Fig. 60.26

Endocrine Glands
 

  

Endocrine glands are ductless glands Their connections with the epithelium from which they were derived are lost during development Therefore, their secretions, called hormones, are not channel onto an epithelial membrane Instead, hormones enter blood capillaries and thus stay within the body Eg : Adrenal glands, pituitary glands etc

Conclusions
   

Functions correlates with structure in the tissues of animals Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines internal organs and cavities Some epithelial are specialized for absorption and secretion The mucus secreted by the mucus membranes lining the digestive and respiratory tracts lubricates and moistens these surfaces

NERVE TISSUE

NERVOUS TISSUE

NEURONS - Receiving and transmitting signals

GLIAL CELLS - Support and nourish the neurons

NEURONES
SENSORY NEURONES (AFFERENT NEURONES) MOTOR NEURONES (EFFERENT NEURONES)

INTERNEURONES

SENSORY NEURONES


Transmit nerve impulses from reseptors/ sensory organs to the central nervous systems (CNS). (CNS). Typical location: location: Eyes, ears; surface ears; of skin. skin.

INTERNEURONES


These are found within the brain & spinal cord. cord. Connect one neurone to another neurone & frequently connects a sensory neurone to a motor neurone. neurone.

MOTOR NEURONES


Transmit nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the motor organs or effectors, usually muscle or glands. glands. Typical location: location: Brain & spinal cord

Fig. 54.2

STRUCTURE OF A NEURONE

 The

structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron or nerve cell
 Nerve impulses are conducted along a neuron. Dentrite p cell body p axon hillock p axon Some axons are insulated by a myelin sheath.

Fig. 54.4

CELL BODY
     

Consist of a nucleus & cytoplasm. cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains many organelles, such as mitochondria & Nissls granules. granules. Nissls granules consist of ER & polyribosomes. polyribosomes. The cell body has a number of dendrons & finer branches called dendrites. dendrites. Dendrites conduct impulses towards the cell body. body. The cell body integrates incoming signals

AXON


Although microscopic in diameter, an axon may be 1 m or more in length and may divide, forming branches called axon collaterals The axon conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to another neuron or to a muscle or gland At its end the axon divides, forming many terminal branches that end in synaptic terminals

The synaptic terminal release neurotransmitter, chemicals that transmit signals from one neuron to another or from neuron to effector The junction between a synaptic terminal and another neuron is called a synapse (a small space exist between the membranes of these two cells)

MYELIN SHEATH


In vertebrates, the axons of many neurons outside the CNS are surrounded by a series of Schwann cells that form an insulating covering, the myelin sheath Gaps in the myelin sheath, called nodes of Ranvier, occur between successive Schwann cells Many non-vertebrate animal such as annelids, nonarthropods & molluscs have non-myelinated nongiant axons to speed up the rate of conduction of nerve impulses. impulses.

A

nerve consists of hundreds or even thousands of axons wrapped together in connective tissue
axon myelin sheath

nerves outer wrapping blood vessels nerve fascicle

GLIAL CELLS
  

Glial cells (supporting cells) collectively make up the neuroglia (literally, nerve glue) Glial cells outnumber neurons tenfold to fiftyfold The function is to provide structural support and supply metabolites to the neurons Three types of glial cells in the CNS : i. Microglia ii. Astrocytes iii. Oligodendrocytes

Neurons

Dendrite

Nuclei of glial cells

Axon 100 m

Conclusions
 Neurons,

the functional units of nervous tissue, are composed of a cell body with extending dendrites and axons that transmit electrical signals called impulses

THATS ALL FOR TODAY