Chapter 02

02 Atomic Theory And Atomic Structure

2.3 Development of Atomic Theory

Atom came from the word atomos which means small, indivisible particles

Aristotle Democritus
440 B.C.

2.3 Development of Atomic Theory Law of Conservation of Mass mass can neither be created nor destroyed in chemical reactions

3.25 g + 3.32 g = 6.57 g Hg(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)

Antoine Lavoisier 1774

HgI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq) 4.55 g + 2.02 g = 6.57 g

2.3 Development of Atomic Theory

Law of Constant Composition Different samples of a pure chemical substance always contain the same proportion of elements by mass. By mass, water is: 88.8 % oxygen 11.2 % hydrogen

Joseph Proust 1799

2.3 Development of Atomic Theory

Dalton s Atomic Theory 1. All matter consists of tiny particles called atoms. 2. An atom cannot be created, divided, destroyed, or converted to any other type Lawof atom. of Multiple Proportions - Elements can combine in different ways to form different 3. Atoms of a particular element have substances, whose mass ratios are small identical properties whole-number multiples of eachhave different 4. Atoms of different elements other. properties 5. Atoms of different elements combine in simple whole-number ratios to produce compounds. 6. Chemical change involves joining, separating, or rearranging atoms.

John Dalton 1808

2.3 Development of Atomic Theory -Proposed the presence of positive and negative charges

Benjamin Franklin 1750

2.3 Development of Atomic Theory

-Connected two metal electrodes (metal discs connected to a source of electricity) at opposite ends of a sealed glass vacuum tube. -When electricity is turned on, rays of light were observed to travel between the two electrodes.

-The stream of light were called cathode rays, because they traveled from the cathode (negative electrode) to the anode (positive electrode)

William Crookes
1875

2.3 Development of Atomic Theory

- Demonstrated the electrical and magnetic properties of cathode rays

John Joseph Thomson

1882

2.3 Development of Atomic Theory

2.3 Development of Atomic Theory

-Cathode rays are streams of negative particles of energy. He called it electrons.

John Joseph Thomson

1882

2.3 Development of Atomic Theory

-besides the cathode rays there is another stream that travels in the opposite direction as the electron flow. -Attracted to negatively charged electric plates. - He called them protons.

Eugene Goldstein
1886

2.3 Development of Atomic Theory

-Proposed the Raisin Bread Model of the Atom

John Joseph Thomson

1897

2.3 Development of Atomic Theory -Demonstrated that atoms spontaneously decay to produce 3 types of radiation: alpha particles (E) beta particles (F) gamma particles (K). This phenomena is known as natural radioactivity.

Ernest Rutherford
1901

2.3 Development of Atomic Theory -Along with his students, Ernest Madsen and Hans Geiger, performed the Alpha-particle Scattering Experiment

Ernest Rutherford
1910

2.3 Development of Atomic Theory

- Proposed the Nuclear Model of the Atom

Ernest Rutherford
1910