The word literature was derived from the Latin word Litera which means letter It is both written

n and oral tradition composed in a certain artistic style. It is mans love, grief, thoughts, dreams, and aspirations coached in beautiful language (Bascara et al. 2003)

CULTURAL MODEL- for understanding and appreciating cultures and ideologies LANGUAGE MODEL- to promote language development, teaching of vocabulary and language structure PERSONAL MODEL- to develop a lasting pleasure and continuing growth of understanding

Literature empowers the leader to overcome the limitations of sex, race and culture. (Rosenblatt) Literature enables the reader to experience even vicariously the worthwhile experiences of others.

Hippolyte Taines concepts of: Race- a particular race has a distinct cultural trait. Example: Japans Chrysanthemum ( love for beauty) and Sword (tendency for violence) 2. Moment- period in the history of a nation that has shaped the thinking; the condition of the times.
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Example: Renaissance late 1400s to 1500s, renewal of the classic arts 3. Milieu- individual forces other than the setting that contribute to the artistic production Example: Geographical environment , ambience

POETRY  ETYMOLOGY: From the Greek word poiesis which means making or creating  A form of art in which language is used for its aesthetic and evocative qualities in addition to its ostensible meaning.  A branch of humanities that renders artistically and imaginatively the best of mans thoughts and feeling

Metaphorical communication/metaphoric use of language

   

It is an art form that predates literacy Ancient literature are in poetic form to aid memorization and oral transmission The Epic of Gilgamesh is the oldest surviving poem (3rd Millennium B.C.) In 350 B.C., Aristotle wrote Poetics, a study of the aesthetics of poetry which is still applicable today

 

FORMAL STRUCTURE: Rhythm- actual sound from a line of poetry Timing- accents, syllable and moras Metrical Rhythm- precise arrangement of stresses or syllables into repeated patterns ( feet) Parallelism- successive lines reflect each other in grammatical structure, sound structure and notional content

In Chinese poetry, tones and stresses create rhythm (4 tones: level, rising, falling and entering) RHYME- IDENTICAL ( hard-rhyme) or SIMILAR (soft-rhyme) sounds place at the ends of lines or at predictable locations with in lines (internal rhyme)  Entered European poetry in High Middle Ages (AD 400-1300)  Alliteration- repetition of initial consonant sounds  Assonance- repetition of internal vowel sounds


Uses every resource of language from simplicity to eloquence Compression, expansion, omission and repetition Connotative, employs words for their flavor or feel Tone-atmosphere, feeling attitude, stance, or the poets way of looking at his subject or at the world. Ex: serious, ironic, bitter, joyful, resigned Imagery- a total sensory suggestion of poetry and should be a part of the planned symbolic significance or an organized system. Ex. May suggest symbol myth or archetype

POETIC DICTION- rhetorical devices, manner in which a language is used, underlying meaning and its interaction with sound and form Allegory and symbolic allusions- using a character to represent a complex message or idea Vivid imagery and symbolism, juxtaposition of unexpected or impossible images (in surrealistic poetry and in haiku) Figures of Speech- using other words to mean something.

SIMILE- direct comparison between two unlike objects using the words like or as. Ex. Like a gull swimming in the air. And like the thunderbolt he falls. METAPHOR- implied/ unexpressed comparison between two unlike objects. Ex. Good books are food and drink to an avid reader. ONOMATOPOEIA- Imitation of in words of natural sounds. Ex. Hiss, buzz, meow PERSONIFICATION- giving human qualities to inanimate objects.

Ex. At last the wind sighed itself to sleep. APOSTROPHE- And address to an absent or dead person or to an inanimate object. Ex. Mountains and hills come and fall on me. METONYMY- the name of one thing is used in place of another which is associated to it. Ex. The pen is mightier than the sword. ANTITHESIS- contrast or opposition of thoughts, words or ideas. Ex. His body is active, but his mind sluggish. Easy writing makes hard reading. HYPERBOLE- exaggeration for effect and not to deceive or to be taken literally. Ex. She cried a river, I climbed mountain just to be here. IRONY- method of humorous or subtly sarcastic expressions in which the intended meaning is the direct opposite of what is meant. Ex. It was very kind of you to remind me of my humiliation.