Physical Layer

Shivukumar B Patil 7th sem EC SJCE

1. Introduction
The Physical Layer is the first and lowest layer in the seven-layer OSI model. The Physical Layer consists of the basic hardware transmission technologies of a network. Physical layer is one of the most complex layer in the OSI architecture.

O S I R e fe re n ce m o d e l

2. Functions of Physical Layer

Line configuration. Hardware Specifications. Encoding. Data Transmission and Reception.

Line Configuration
Point to Point
Provide dedicated link between two devices use actual length of wire or cable to connect the two end including microwave & satellite link.

Multipoint.
One or more than two specific devices share a single link capacity of the channel is shared.

2.2 Hardware Specifications

The details of operation of cables, connectors, wireless radio transceivers, network interface cards and other hardware devices are generally a function of the physical layer. Bandwidth, Bitrates, Power spectral density, Signal to noise ratio and distance of communication.

2.3 Encoding
The waveform pattern of voltage or current used to represent the 1s and 0s of a digital data on a transmission link is called line encoding.

2.3.1 Why encoding??

Timing content Ruggedness Error detection capability Matched power spectrum

2.3.2 Different types of encoding

Non-Return to Zero(NRZ)

The signal level remains same throughout the bit-period.

Continued..

 The advantages of NRZ coding are:

Detecting a transition in presence of noise is more reliable than to compare a value to a threshold. NRZ codes are easy to engineer and it makes efficient use of bandwidth.

Disadvantages
When there is long sequence of 0s or 1s, the receiving side will fail to regenerate the clock and synchronization between the transmitter and receiver clocks will fail.

 Return to Zero(RZ)
The signal drops (returns) to zero between each pulse.

 Advantages of Return to Zero

Enables better synchronization between transmitter and receiver. Since there will be lot of transitions in signal levels as compared to NRZ format.

Disadvantages
Requires more bandwidth as compared to NRZ.

 Manchester coding
A binary 1 corresponds to a low-tohigh transition and a binary 0 to a high-to-low transition in the middle of bit-period.

Po w e r S p e ctra lD e n si o f ty D i re n t e n co d i g fo rm a ts ffe n NRZ

Mean square voltage per unit bandwidth

M a n ch e ste r co d i g n

Normalized frequency

Network components in Physical Layer

Repeater

Bridges

Transmitting Media

Repeater
Repeater regenerates the low power signal to high power signal for long distance communication

R e p e a te r

HUB
Hub is a device for connecting multiple links together and making them act as a single network segment. Hubs do not manage any of the traffic that comes through them, and any packet entering any port is regenerated and broadcast out on all other ports.

Data OUT Data IN

HUB

Transmitting media
Wired
Twisted wire pair. Coaxial cable. Optical fiber cable.

Wireless
Radio frequency communication.

gital - Digital ansmission

Data Transmission

Parallel

Serial

Synchronous

Asynchronous

Parallel transmission

By grouping , we can send data n bits at a time instead of one

called parallel transmission

0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0

Transmitt er

Receiver

parallel the transfer speed by a factor n over serial transmission Parallel transmission requires n communication lines

Eight bits are transmitted together transmission can increase

Serial Transmission
Eight bits are transmitted one after another
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0

Transmit ter

01001110
One wire is sufficient

0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0

Receiver

Serial to Parallel converter

Serial transmission occurs in one of the two ways Asynchronous Synchronous

A sy n ch ro n o u s e tim in g o f a sig n a l is u n im p o rta n t. Th T h e sta rt a n d sto p b its a n d th e g a p a le rt th e re ce iv e r to th e b e g in n in g a n d e n d o f e a ch b y te a n d a llo w it to sy n ch ro n ize w ith th e d a ta stre a m T h e tra n sm issio n o f e a ch b y te m a y th e n b e fo llo w e d b y a g a p o f v a ry in g d u ra tio n .

Transmit ter

Stop Start bit bit 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 Time gap

Receiver

nchronous Transmission
The bit stream is combined into longer frames , which may contain multiple bytes . Each byte is introduced onto the transmission link without a gap between it and the next one

Transmit ter

0 0 1 1 01 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1

Receiver

Role of Physical layer in the development of telecommunication

Thank you