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Presentation on

Modelling of liquid flow in


Nonwovens

Presented by

VIJAY.S. BELE

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI


Definitions & basics …….
Wetting :-

Process by which a fiber-air interface is replaced with a


fiber-liquid interface – often measured by the contact angle.

Absorption :-

Liquid uptake into the fibers/materials themselves.

Wicking:-

Liquid uptake into the material via capillary action – this is


responsible for the bulk of the liquid movement into a fabric.

Adsorption:-

Thin layer of liquid on face of material.


Contact angle

 Contact angle is a measure of the wetting of a liquid on a solid surface. It is


expressed in degrees, with 0 degrees being complete wetting and 180
degrees being absolute non-wetting .
Surface tension
 When one fluid is a gas the tension is termed surface tension, when both
fluids are liquids it is termed interfacial tension.

 Polar liquids, such as water, have strong intermolecular interactions and


thus high surface tensions.
complete wetting when γSG > γSL + γLG & zero wetting when γSL > γSG + γLG
POROSITY
 The porosity of a material is defined as the fraction of void space within
the material.

ρb = fabric weight ( g / cm 2 ) / thickness (cm)


Wicking
 wicking is liquid uptake by the capillaries (interstices) formed by the yarns
and fibers

Wicking height is

 For a positive capillary pressure, the values of θ have to be between 0° and


90°.
where:
 is the liquid-air surface tension (J/m² or N/m)
 θ is the contact angle
 ρ is the density of liquid (kg/m3)
 g is acceleration due to gravity (m/s²)
 r is radius of tube (m)
Darcy`s law

Mainly used for slow , viscous & laminar fluid flow

Unit- m/s
Washburn's equation :-

It describes capillary flow in porous materials.

It is the relationship between distance wet & time

where t is the time for a liquid of viscosity η and surface tension γ to penetrate a
distance L into a fully wettable, porous material whose average pore diameter is D.
Important Considerations

Wicking and absorption are influenced by:

 Fiber Properties,
 Fiber Orientation Distribution – Nonwoven
Structure,
 Fabric Density, Thickness and
 Fiber and Fabric Finish
Different permeability
models
 Specific permeability of a nonwoven fabric is a characteristic feature of
fabric structure & represents the void capacity through which a liquid can
flow.
 Unit is m2

 Three theories-

 Capillary channel theory.

 Drag force theory.

 Unit cell theory- fibres are assumed to be aligned in periodic


Basic assumptions
 Nonwoven fabric is -
 Homogeneous
 Isotropic or
 Unidirectional or
 anisotropic
Modelling capillary wicking
 Wicking process can be divided into
four categories
 Pure wicking
 Wicking + diffusion
 Wicking + adsorption
 Wicking + diffusion + adsorption
 Capillary pressure (Laplace`s
equation)

Hagen-poiseuille equation

Dh r2∆P Where h is the distance through which fluid flow in time t


---- = ------
Dt 8ŋh

Lucas –washburn equation


Mao- Russell equations
Another problem in applying capillary channel theory to describe the
liquid absorption in nonwovens is the difficulty in quantifying the average
equivalent capillary radii because:

-The capillary channels differ in size and shape.

- They are also interconnected as well as interdependent to form a three-


dimensional network system.

- The capillary channels in real nonwoven fabrics do not have circular


cross sections and are not necessarily uniform along their lengths.
Directional permeability in anisotropic nonwovens
Assumptions
 -fibres alligned in z direction are perpendicular to fabric plane
 - fibre distribution in z direction is homogeneous & uniform
 - flow along the z direction is ignored

df is the fibre dia

z is the fraction of fibres aligned in Z direction


φ Volume fraction of solid
Ω(α) materials
Fibre orientation distribution function
θ liquid flow direction
α Fibre orientation in each direction of fabric plane
Mao- Russell 2D model for Capillary pressure
Assumptions
 same dia fibre & no alignment in z direction
 High porosity , homogenous
 Fibres obeys fibre orientation distribution function

P(θ) Is the directional capillary pressure

Since we know capillary pressure & specific permeability ,


so putting these values in darcy law we get the rate of liquid absorption or
wicking rate in the direction of flow.
Relationship between distance wicked by liquid & time can be obtained
In the form of Lucas-Washburn eq

where
Determination of spreading
length
Capillary pressure
Directional permeability

Rate of absorption
1. Apply a median filter to remove salt and pepper noise.
2. Apply a Gaussian filter to smooth the edges.
3. Threshold the image by selecting the gray levels occupying.
the wetted area and suppressing the others.
4. Extract the boundary.
5. Track the boundary, find the center of gravity and track.
Permeability's in 3D NONWOVEN structures

For isotropic structures

For fibre alignment in fabric plane

z is the fraction of fibres aligned in Z direction


Emperical equation for pore size

 Liquid expulsion porometry

Where
d = pore dia (mm)
σ= surface tension (N/m)
P = capillary pressure equivalent to applied pressure (pa)

Contact angle is assumed to be zero

Smaller the pore dia, greater will be the applied pressure required to overcome the
Capillary pressure and to push the liquid out of the pore.
Wrotnowski`s model for pore
size

Where tex = fibre linear density


df is the fibre dia in (m)

Fibres arranged in square pattern in model


 Goeminne`s equation

ε is the porosity
Hagen-poisullie`s equation
Some other models for
permeability
(unidirectional)
 Based on drag force theory
 Emersleben`s equation-

Happel`s model-
Empirical models
To be studied……..
 3D models……..

 Fibre orientation……

 Pore size distribution…….


THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION

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