Base stocks for environmental friendly lubricants from vegetable oils and synthetic oils of esteric type

Professor Remus Nuiu

UNIVERSITY OF WEST TIMISOARA ROMANIA Faculty of Chemistry-Biology-Geography

CONTENTS

Tribology Tribotechnology Tribotechnik Lubrication and Wear Types of synthetic lubricants Synthetic oils of esteric type Vegetable oils Lubricants

The functions of a lubricant

1.

To keep the friction between sliding partners low To prevent wear To remove the heat of friction and wear particles from the load-carrying zone To prevent penetration of foreign matter into lubrication clearance The viscosity has a very important influence

2.

3.

4.

Which will be the source of raw materials for lubricants when the resources of petroleum will decrease?

Are vegetable oils and synthetic oils of esteric type a source of raw materials for lubricants?

SYNTHETIC BASESTOCK

POLYOLEFINS (PAO) ALKYL AROMATICS SILICONES PERFLUORCARBONS PHOSPHOR AND BOR DERIVATIVES SILICATE ESTERS ESTER OF DIBASIC ACIDS NEOPENTHYL AND POLYESTERS POLYALKYLENE GLYCOLS OTHER CLASSES OF COMPOUNDS

Table 1. Comparison of the properties of synthetic and mineral oils

Characteristics Mineral oil
moderate

PAO

Alkyl aromatics
moderate

Diesters

Neopentyl polyesters
very good

Silicones

Fluorocarbons
moderate

Viscosity temperature characteristics Low temperature behavior Oxidation stability Volatility Additive solubility Lubricating propr. Thermal stability Fire resistance Costs

good

excellent

excellent

poor

good very good good

good

good

good

good

good

moderate moderate excellent good

moderate good

very good excellent very good very good good moderate medium

moderate excellent very good very good good moderate medium

very good good poor moderate very good moderate high

excellent moderate excellent very good excellent very high

good good moderat

excellent good moderate

moderate poor poor low medium

poor medium

BIODEGRADABILITY OF OILS

Mineral oils White mineral oils Various polyethers Polyethylenglycol Synthetic esters Vegetable oils

30-70% 30% 20-70% 50-80% 70-95% 80-100%

T.E. KIOVSKY and T.MURR&M.MOELTZ, Biodegradable Hydraulic Fluids and Related Lubricants, SAE TEHNICAL PAPER SERIES, 942287, Washington, Nov. 7-9, 1994

BIODEGRADABILITY TESTS
Name CEC L-33-A-94 MITI Sturm Bio-ecotest OECD Screening Parameter measured
Disappearance of substrate Oxygen uptake Production of CO2 Productoin of biomass Disappearance of substrate

ESTIMATE OF LUBRICANT USAGE IN OFF-HIGHWAY MARKET

MOTOR OILS HIDRAULIC FLUIDS GEAR OILS GREASE OTHER

55% 22% 11% 4% 8%

APPLICATIONS OF SYNTHETIC OILS ACCORDING TO U.S. SPECIF. Synthetic oil type U.S. government Application
specification

MIL-L-7808G MIL-L-23699 MIL-L-46000A MIL-H-19457B MIL-H-8446B RIAPD-688 MIL-L-8188C MIL-G-81322A

Lubricating oil for aircraft turbine engine Lubricating oil for turboprop and turbojet engine Semi-liquid lubricating oil for automatic weapons Fire-resistant hydraulic fluids

Ester oil blend Neopentyl glycol esters Dicarboxilic acid esters oils Phosphoric acid esters Silicones

Hydraulic fluids for aircraft Semi-fluid low-friction lubricants for automatic weapons Anticorrosion oil for gas turbine engine Aircraft grease Mixtures dicarboxilic acids esters Dicarboxilic acid esters Synthetic hydrocarbons of esters

There are 4 steps in manufacturing of lubricants

1. 2. 3. 4.

Synthesis of crude oil Manufacture of basestock Additivation stage Testing in laboratory and on equipments

CRUDE ESTER
purification

BASESTOCK OIL
additivation

LUBRICANT OIL
Additivated: - antioxidant - antiwear - anticorrosive - antifoam

ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES

ANTIFOAM PROPERTIES ANTICORROSIVE PROPERTIES ANTIWEAR PROPERTIES

CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNTHETIC OILS

Advantages:

low volatility high flash points low pour points high biodegradability (over 90%) medium viscosity indices high thermal-oxidative stability

Disadvantages:

high production cost limited possibilities of production

1. Synthesis of crude Esterification reaction in melting ester Acid or organo-metalic catalysts

Water reaction removal by nitrogen stripping

2. Basestocks preparation

Heavy metals removal Acidity decrease (until max. 0.05 mg KOH/g) Content of water (max. 0.05 ppm) Oil decolouration Filtration on natural soils or active alumina

3. Additivation of At 80-90 C in N atmosfere basestocks

0 2

R.Nutiu, M. Farcas, I. Tincu, I. Gros, Patent RO, 94240/1987 R.Nutiu, R. Bunea, I. Gros, M. Farcas, Patent RO, 94676/1986

MANUFACTURE of ESTERS
Production of esters is based on the following reaction: ACID + ALCOHOL Possible catalysts include: sulfuric acid p-toluensulfonic acid tetraalchil titanate anhydrous sodium sulfate phosphorous oxides stannous octanoate ESTERS + WATER

MANUFACTURE of ESTERS
The tightly controlled properties of the ester:

residual unreacted acid hydroxyl number (degree of esterification) residual unreacted alcohol cross-contamination of other esters made on plant residual catalyst residual neutralizing agents

TYPES OF ESTERS IN LUBRICANT SYNTHESIS

A. DIESTERS of

SEBACIC, AZELAIC and ADIPIC ACIDS with OXOALCOHOLS (C8-C10) NEOPENTYL-GLYCOLS with monocarboxylic acids

B. POLYOLS ESTERS of

PENTAERYTHRITOL TRIMETHYLOL PROPANE, with: - straight or branched-chain monocarboxylic acids C5-C12 - oleic acid and iso-C18 acid

SYNTHETIC BASESTOCK OF ESTERIC TYPE A. Diesters

1. R-CH2-O-CO-(CH2)n-CO-O-CH2-R R branched chain

Esters of branched-chain primary alcohols (usually oxo-alcohols) with straight-chain dicarboxylic acids (azelaic, adipic, sebacic, phtalic)

2.

R-CO-O-(CH2-CH2)n-O-CO-R

R branched chain

Esters of branched-chain monocarboxylic acids and straight-chain diols or poly(alkylene glycols)

SYNTHETIC BASESTOCK OF ESTERIC TYPE

A. Diesters
R R CH2 O CO C CO O CH2 R R branched chain n R' Esters of straight-chain primary alcohols with branched-chain dicarboxylic acids
3.
R

( )

4. R CO O CH2 C CH2 O CO R
R'

R branched chain

Esters of neopentyl polyols with monocarboxylic acids

TYPES OF ESTERS IN LUBRICANTS SYNTHESIS

C. COMPLEX ESTER OILS
) ) R CH2 O CO ( CH2 n CO ( O CH2 CH
primary alcohol carboxylic acid
mO

CO ( CH2 n CO O CH2 R )
carboxylic acid primary alcohol

R
polyalkylene glycol

) ) R CO ( O CH CH2 n O CO ( CH2 ) CO O ( CH2 CH O n CO R m R

monocarboxylic polyalkylene acid glycol dicarboxylic acid

R
polyalkylene monocarboxylic glycol acid

Table 2. Physico-chemical characteristics of some diesters Kinematic viscosity Ester Viscosity Flash
(mm /s),
2

index
- 54 C

37,8C

98,9C

point C

Pour point C

Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-adipate (DOA) Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-sebacate (DOS) Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-azelate (DOAZ) Diisooctyl adipate (DIOA)

8.2 12.6 3.0 8.0

2.4 3.3 2.4 3.2 4.5

5800 105000 6400 5314

121 152 191

202 204 204 207 235 240 140 160 120

-73 -56 -100 -80 -72 <-60 -17 -17 -37

Diisooctyl sebacate (DIOS) 11.89 Diisodecil sebacate (DIDS) 18.67 100 Neutral 200 Neutral
-

10800 189 164 solid solid -

Poly-alfaolefin 4 cSt (PAO-4) -

14000 -

Fig. 1. ASTM D1160 DISTILLATION (1 mmHg)

Temperature, %

% Distillate

DOA

DOS

DIDS

BASESTOCK US-B1

BASESTOCK US-B2

BASESTOCK US-B3

DIELECTRIC SYNTHETIC OIL US-E1

TEXTILE SYNTHETIC OIL US-Te6

FINE MECHANISMS SYNTHETIC OIL US-MF 12

AIRCRAFT SYNTHETIC OIL US-A3

Characteristics

Table 3. Physico-chemical and functional characteristics

Aircraft oil Fine mechanism US-A3 oil US-MF 12

max. 500 min. 205 max. -60 11.5 3 / 50oC 35 3 / 20oC max. 14000 / -50oC max. 1.0/ 100oC, 4h max. 0.40

Content of water, ppm max. 600 Flash point, oC min. 204 Pour point, oC max. -60 Ash, % max. 0.1 Kinematic viscosity: - at 100oC, cSt min. 3,2 - at -40oC, cSt max. 2000 - at -54oC, cSt max. 11000 Modification of kinematic viscosity, at -54oC, after 3 h, % max. 6.0 Thermo-oxidation and corrosion stability at 175oC, 72 h, weight index: Al, Mg, Ag, mg/cm2 max. 0.2 Wear scar diameter at 4b.m. (20 daN/100 min.), mm max. 0.40

R.Nutiu, M. Farcas, V. Pintilie, M. Maties, Patent RO, 100992/1990 R.Nutiu, M. Farcas, Maria Szegedy, Patent RO, 107988/1991

Table 4. The main physico-chemical characteristics for some esters of polyols Kinematic Polyol Fatty acid Viscosity Pour point Flash point viscosity index C C 2
(mm /s), 98,9C di-2-EH di-izo-C8 di-n-C7 neopentylglycol di-n-C9 di-izo-C9 tri-n-C6 tri-n-C7 tri-neo-C7 trimethylol propanetri-n-C8 tri-2-EH tri-izo-C9 PE terta-n-C5 tetra-neo-C5 tetra-n-C6 tetra-neo-C6 tetra n-C7 TMP NPG 2,20 2,43 1,92 2,62 3,07 3,06 3,63 4,76 4,03 4,38 4,78 3,72 P.t.125 4,23 4,78 5,49 6,17 37,8C 8,57 9,22 5,95 9,12 14,00 12,50 16,80 35,04 18,34 26,53 23,17 17,20 127C 21,20 23,74 28,61 46,28 88 91 116 140 78 114 135 138 68 143 114 138 139 -69 -54 -62 -35 -60 -59 -57 -40 -59 -43 -51 -62 solid -57 solid -40 -4 197 196 204 220 200 232 248 245 260 232 271 242 246 277 277

pentaerythrite

Fig. 4 Variation of viscosity indices with the number and the nature of carbon atoms in the carboxylic acid chain

VEGETABLE oils
H2C O CO HC O CO R R'
R, R, R saturates and unsaturates radicals

H2C O CO R''
Chemical structure

Table 5. The content in fatty acids of some vegetable oils VEGETABLE OIL CONTENT IN FATTY ACIDS (%)
C14:0 miristic acid Soybean oil Sunflower oil Rapeseed oil Corn oil Cotton oil Olive oil High oleic soybean oil High oleic sunflower oil High oleic rapeseed oil
1,0 0,5 -

C16:0 palmitic acid

11,5 7,0 2,4 10,4 26,5 11,5 8.0 3,7 4,0

C16:1 palmitoleic acid

-

C18:0 stearic acid

4,0 3,0 1,4 2,0 3,0 2,0 4,5 5,4 1,5

C18:1 oleic acid

24,5 30,0 16,2 26,3 17,5 75,0 80,5 81,3 81,5

C18:2 linoleic acid

53,0 60,0 17,1 59,0 51,5 9,5 4,2 9,0 10,7

C18:3 linolenic acid

7,0 8,0 0,7 0,5 4,0 3,0

C20:1 gadoleic acid

9,5 -

C22:1 erucic acid

42,9 -

J.W. Walsh, Determ. of triglyceride composition of veg. oil using HPLC and evaporative light scattering detection, Annual meeting and Food Expo, Anaheim, California, 2002

Le3

Le2Ol

Le2Pa

LeOl2

Le2St + LeOlPa

Ol3

LeOlSt + Ol2Pa

Compoziia n trigliceride (%)

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Veidelevskii 1 super elite Konditerskii 2 super elite Prokhorovskii 3 elite Pochin

Krasotka

Krasnoe 6 solnyshko

Tipul de ulei vegetal

The composition of triglycerides (%) of some species of sunflower oils from Russian, determinated by HPLC with refractmetric detector V. I. Deineka, L. A. Deineka, N. G. Gabruk, G. M. Fofanov, L. A. Manokhina, N. A. Sidel'nikova,
Analysis of Vegetable Oils by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography, Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 58(12), 1160-1164 (2003)

H-NMR spectrum of soybean oil

1

 = 4 , 1 2 4 ,p2m p 8

= 2 , 0 0 2 , 0m = 5 , 2 7 5 , 3m pp 6 pp 6

H2C O CO CH2 CH2 CH = CH .....CH2 CH3 HC O CO CH2..... = CH CH = CH..... CH3 HC

= 4 , 3 2 4 ,pm p 34 = 0 , 8 5 0 ,pm p 88

H2C O CO CH2 .....HC = CH CH2 CH = CH.....CH2 CH3

= 2 , 2 7 2 , 3m pp 5 = 1 ,6 1 m pp = 1 , 2 5 1 , 3m pp 0

Fig. 5. Semnals 1H-NMR in triglyceride molecule

CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETABLE OILS high biodegradability (over 95%) [2] Advantages [1]: low toxicity

high flash points low volatility high viscosity indices reduced environmental pollution compatibility with additives low production cost large possibilities of production

Disadvantages:

relatively high pour points low thermal-oxidative and hydrolytic stability

1. T.E. Kiovsky, T. Murr, M. Voeltz, Biodegradable hydraulic fluids and related lubricants SAE Technical Paper, Series 942287, 1994, p. 1210 2. J.W. Walsh, Determination of triglyceride composition of vegetable oil using HPLC and evaporative light scattering detection, Annual meeting and Food Expo, Session 30 G, Anaheim, California, 2002

Table 6. Physical-chemical and rheologic proprieties of vegetable, synthetic oils

Base stock oils Characteristics
Density, g/cm3 Kinematics Visc, mm2/s 40oC 100oC Viscosity index (VI) Pour point, oC Flash point, oC Iodine value (g I2/100 g sample)

SFO
0.917 34.12 8.36 235 -27 300 114-119

SO
0.922 32.50 7.85 226 -22 305 107-137 1a 0.98

RO
0.920 35.01 8.53 235 -22 315 94-112 1a 1.2

DOA
0.917 7.85 2.37 124 -70 212 1a 1.08

DOS
0.915 10.11 2.98 161 -65 225 1a 1.0

Test method
ASTM D1298 ASTM D 445 ASTM D2270 ASTM D97 ASTM D92 IP - 84 ASTM D 130 ASTM D 4172

Copper strip corrosion test, 3h,1a 1000C Four ball wear test, 40 daN, 1h,1.0 mm

Sicative oils I.I. = 140-180, Semisicative oils I.I. = 100-140, Unsicative oils - I.I. <100 (drying) (semi-drying) (non-drying)

New base-stock oils

Mixtures: vegetable oils:

synthetic oils:

soybean oil (SO) sun-flower oil (FSO) rapeseed oil (RO)

di-2-ethyl-hexyl-adipate (DOA) di-2- ethyl-hexyl -sebacate (DOS)

The oil mixtures contain 25, 50 and 75% vegetable oils respectively.

Fig. 6 Kinematic viscosities and viscosity indices (VI) of mixtures SO-DOA

Kinematic viscosity (mm 2 /s)
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 25 50 75 240

VI

180 150 120

Viscosity index, (VI)

210

SO-DOA (%) 0/100 25/75 50/50 75/25 100/0

40o C 100o C ( mm2 / s) 7,85 12,00 17,01 24,91 32,5 2,37 3,43 4,48 6,20 7,85

IV

40 C
o

123.9 176,3 192,1 215,6 226,7

90 60 30 0 100

100oC

100

75

50

25

% SO 0 % DOA

TABLE 7

CHARACTERISTICS OF MIXTURES SODOA

Characteristics
0/100

Base-stock (SO / DOA) (%)

25/75 0,9250 50/50 0,9240 75/25 0,9230 100/0 0,9220

Density (20o C), g/ml

0,9290

Refractive index (20o C) Color in iodine scale Volatility, 120oC (%) Flash point (oC) Pour point (oC) Copper strip test, 3h, 100oC

1,4475 3 0,51 212 -75 1a

1,4580 6 0,49 250 -59 1a

1,4650 6 0,47 >250 -51 1a

1,4709 6 0,28 >250 -44 1a

1,4780 6 +1,13 >280 -22 1a

Fig. 7 Kinematic viscosity and viscosity index (VI) of mixtures SO - DOS

40

Kinematic viscosity (mm 2 /s)

VI

240 210 180

SO-DOS (%)
Viscosity index, (VI)

40o C

100o C

IV

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 25 50 75

( mm2 / s) 10,11 13,88 18,28 25,02 32,5 2,98 3,86 4,95 6,35 7,85 161,6 187,3 218,6 223,9 226,7

0/100 25/75 50/50 75/25 100/0

40oC

150 120 90

100 C
o

60 30 0 100

100

75

50

25

% SO % DOS

TABLE 8

CHARACTERISTICS OF MIXTURES SODOS

Characteristics
0/100 0,9150 25/75 0,9168 50/50 0,9185 75/25 0,9202

Base-stock (SO / DOS) (%)

100/0 0,9220

Density (20o C), g/ml

Refractive index (20o C) Color in iodine scale Volatility, 120oC (%) Flash point (oC) Pour point (oC) Copper strip test, 3h, 100oC

1,4569 7 0,49 225 -65 1a

1,4631 7 0,47 240 -55 1a

1,4682 7 0,28 >250 -41 1a

1,4735 7 0,14 >250 -33 1a

1,4780 6 +1,13 >280 -22 1a

Fig. 8 Kinematic viscosities and viscosity indices (VI) of mixtures SFO-DOA

40 35 240 210

SFO-DOA (%)
Viscosity index, VI

40o C 100o C ( mm2 / s) 7,85 12,51 17,71 25,85 34,12 2,37 3,60 4,63 6,45 8,36

VI

IV

Kinematic Viscosity

30 25 20 40o C 15 10 5 0 0 100 25 75 50 50 75 25 100 0 100 o C

180 150 120 90 60 30 0

0/100 25/75 50/50 75/25 100/0

123.9 188,9 194,7 219,8 235,4

(mm2/s)

% SFO % DOA

TABLE 9

CHARACTERISTICS OF MIXTURES SFODOA

Characteristics
0/100

Base-stock (SFO / DOA) (%)

25/75 0,9240 50/50 0,9225 75/25 0,9205 100/0 0,9175

Density (20o C), g/ml

0,9290

Refractive index (20o C) Color in iodine scale Volatility, 120oC (%) Flash point (oC) Pour point (oC) Copper strip test, 3h, 100oC

1,4475 3 0,72 212 -75 1a

1,4503 5 0,71 214 -59 1a

1,4630 5 0,43 220 -48 1a

1,4698 5 0,15 242 -38 1a

1,4771 5 1,32 >280 -27 1a

Fig. 9 Kinematic viscosities and viscosity indices (VI) of mixtures SFO-DOS

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 100 25 75 50 50 75 25 100 C
o

240 IV 210

SFO-DOS (%)
Viscosity index, VI

40o C 100o C ( mm2 / s) 10,11 14,22 18,93 26,41 34,12 2,98 3,95 5,06 6,70 8,36

VI

Kinematic viscosity, (mm2/s)

180 150 40oC 120 90 60 30 0 100 0

0/100 25/75 50/50 75/25 100/0

161.6 190,6 217,3 229,1 235,4

% SFO % DOS

TABLE 10

CHARACTERISTICS OF MIXTURES SFODOS

Characteristics
0/100

Base-stock (SFO / DOS) (%)

25/75 0,9156 50/50 0,9162 75/25 0,9169 100/0 0,9175

Density (20o C), g/ml

0,9150

Refractive index (20o C) Color in iodine scale Volatility, 120oC (%) Flash point (oC) Pour point (oC) Copper strip test, 3h, 100oC

1,4569 7 0,49 225 -65 1a

1,4618 6 0,46 240 -58 1a

1,4670 6 0,38 250 -45 1a

1,4720 6 0,15 >250 -36 1a

1,4771 5 1,32 >280 -27 1a

Fig. 10 Kinematic viscosities and viscosity indices (VI) of mixtures RO-DOA

40 35 IV 240 210 180 150 120 90 60 100o C 30 0 100 0

RO-DOA (%)
Viscosity index, VI

40o C 100o C ( mm2 / s) 7,85 13,50 18,05 26,22 35,01 2,37 3,75 4,78 6,61 8,53

VI

Kinematic viscosity (mm2/s)

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 100 25 75 50 50 75 25

0/100 25/75 50/50 75/25 100/0

123.9 181,6 202,4 225,5 235,0

40 C

% RO % DOA

TABLE 11

CHARACTERISTICS OF MIXTURES RODOA

Characteristics
0/100

Base-stock (RO / DOA) (%)

25/75 0,9267 50/50 0,9245 75/25 0,9222 100/0 0,9220

Density (20o C), g/ml

0,9290

Refractive index (20o C) Color in iodine scale Volatility, 120oC (%) Flash point (oC) Pour point (oC) Copper strip test, 3h, 100oC

1,4475 4 1,39 212 -75 1a

1,4581 6 0,78 >250 -65 1a

1,4642 6 0,58 >250 -57 1a

1,4701 6 0,34 >250 -46 1a

1,4768 6 1,01 >280 -22 1a

Fig. 11 Kinematic viscosities and viscosity indices (VI) of mixtures RO-DOS

40 35 IV 240 210 180 150 40o C 120 90 60 100oC 30 0 100 0

RO-DOS (%)
Viscosity index, VI

40o C 100o C ( mm2 / s) 10,11 14,60 19,05 26,58 35,01 2,98 4,05 5,10 6,81 8,53

VI

Kinematic viscosity, (cSt)

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 100 25 75 50 50 75 25

0/100 25/75 50/50 75/25 100/0

161.6 194,2 219,1 234,1 235,0

% RO % DOS

TABLE 12

CHARACTERISTICS OF MIXTURES RODOS

Characteristics
0/100

Base-stock (RO / DOS) (%)

25/75 0,9162 50/50 0,9175 75/25 0,9187 100/0 0,9220

Density (20o C), g/ml

0,9150

Refractive index (20o C) Color in iodine scale Volatility, 120oC (%) Flash point (oC) Pour point (oC) Copper strip test, 3h, 100oC

1,4569 7 0,25 225 -65 1a

1,4629 7 0,15 >250 -64 1a

1,4677 7 0,09 >250 -56 1a

1,4729 7 0,01 >250 -44 1a

1,4768 6 1,01 >280 -22 1a

THERMAL STABILITY STUDY

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Thermo Gravimetry (TG) Netzsch apparatus, nitrogen atmosphere, heating rate 5 K/min.

Fig. 12 DSC curve for SO

(in N2 atm.)

Fig. 13 TG i DTG curves for SO

(in N2 atm.)

Fig. 14 DSC curve for SFO (in

N2 atm.)

Fig. 15 TG i DTG curves for SFO

(in N2 atm.)

Fig. 16 DSC curve for RO

(in N2 atm.)

Fig. 17 TG i DTG curves for RO (in

N2 atm.)

Fig. 18 TG i DTG curves for 50% SO + 50% DOA (in N2 atm.)

Fig. 19 TG i DTG curves for 50% SO + 50% DOS (in N2 atm.)

Fig. 20 TG i DTG curves for 50% SFO + 50% DOA (in N2 atm.)

Fig. 21 TG i DTG curves for 50% SFO + 50% DOS (in N2 atm.)

LUBRICANTS FOR HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS Physico-chemical, reological and tribotehnical properties

Characteristics Density (g/cm3) Refractive Index Colour (iodine scale) Kinematic viscosity (mm2/s) Viscosity index, IV Iodine index, g I2/100 g oil Volatility, 3h, 120oC (%) Flash point (oC) Pour point (oC) Copper corrosion strip test, 3h, 100oC Diameter of wear spot, 4balls machines (40 daN, 60 min,) (mm) 40C 100C Base-stocks 75% RO + 25%DOA 0,9222 1,4701 6 26,22 6,61 225,5 38,52 0,34 >250 -46 1a 0,86

TG and DTG recording of hydraulic lubricants

24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

(in synthetic air atm.) non-additivated additivated

0 .3 0 .1 -0 .1 -0 .3 DTG (mg/min) -0 .5 -0 .7 -0 .9 -1 .1 -1 .3 -1 .5
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

20 18 16 14 Masa (mg) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Te m pe ra tura ( C)

0 .3 0 .1 -0 .1 -0 .3 -0 .5 -0 .7 -0 .9 -1 .1 -1 .3 -1 .5
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Te m pe ra turaC) (

DTG (mg/min)

Masa (mg)

Conclusions

vegetable oils are an inexhaustible source of raw materials for lubricants, the mixtures of vegetable and synthetic oils of diesteric type offer a large interval of kinematics viscosity, the viscosity indices of mixtures with over 25 % vegetable oils are higher than 176, and at over 50%, are higher than 192. the pour points of mixtures are lower than -33oC, the flash points of mixtures are over 212oC, the thermal stability of vegetable oils is better than of diesters, the mixtures of vegetable and synthetic oils of diesteric type are physical homogeneous mixtures, sicative characteristic of vegetable oils is diminished.