Os04 Unix 01

UNIX - J2EE (LC)
Day 1
Course Objective
To introduce the Unix Operating System To develop an ability to use general Unix commands To develop ability to write programs in shell To develop ability in using Unix utilities To introduce the security issues in Unix
Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd
ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00
This Course does not cover

Differences in command behavior in various Unix flavors Introduction/Implementation of System Calls System Administration in Unix Hacking/Tricky issues in using Unix commands Awk and sed programming
References
Brain W. Kernighan and Rob Pike, The UNIX Programming Environment. Stephen Prata, Advanced UNIX - A Programmers Guide. Stephen G. Kochan and Patrick H. Wood, Exploring the Unix System. James R. Groff, Paul N. Weinberg , Understanding Unix - A conceptual guide. Maurice J. Bach, The Design of the Unix Operating System
Session Plan
Day 1
Introduction to Unix Unix System Architecture Basic Unix Commands Processes in Unix Regular Expressions Introduction to vi editor
Session Plan
Day 2
Text Processing Commands Process oriented Commands File Handling Commands Types of Shell Shell Programming
Session Plan
Day 3
Unix Utilities Unix Program Development Tools Unix Communication Security Features
Introduction to Unix
What is Unix
Unix is a very popular multi-user, multitasking, time-sharing operating system
Need for Unix in todays world

Unix has become the operating system of choice for various engineering and scientific applications
Evolution of Unix
Started in 1965 when AT&T, GE, IBM and Project MAC joined together to develop a time-sharing system named MULTICS (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service)
Introduction to Unix
Flavors of Unix
AIX (Advanced IBM Unix)
HP-UX ( Hewlett Packard Unix) MINIX (Minimal Unix) SCO UNIX SOLARIS XENIX LINUX, etc
Features Of Unix
The important characteristic features are
Portability
Unix has been re-written in C , hence it can run on machines from microcomputers to mainframe computers
Security
Without the proper username and passwords, it is not possible to work on Unix
Background Processing
Jobs/Tasks are executed in the background with the minimal interaction from the user
Pipes
Work with multiple commands at the same time
Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd # ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00
Features Of Unix (Contd.)

Redirection Tools
Allow data to be re-directed between files as per the requirement of the user
Software Development Tools

Unix supports any language that has an interpreter or compiler
Stable and Reliable

Less prone to crashes
Communication
Unix has commands which allow communication between different users connected to the system
Features Of Unix (Contd.)

Easy to write programs
Unix hides machine architecture from the user
Hierarchical File System

Easy to implement and maintain data
Shells
Unix has different types of shells .viz. Bourne, C, Korn, etc
System Architecture
Major components of Unix are :
Kernel
Monitors and controls the resources of a computer and allocates them among its users in an optimal manner
Shell
Provides a processing environment for the user programs and acts like a command translator
Utilities
Programs which are used for development purposes
User Applications
Programs written by the user
System Architecture
User
SHELL
UNIX
User
SHELL
OTHER APPLICATIONS
COMMANDS
HARDWARE
DATABASE
PACKAGES
KERNEL
COMPILERS
SHELL
SHELL
User
User
Processing Environment
User Program
Set of instructions written by the user
Process
Instance of a program under execution
Shell
Provides a processing environment for the user programs
Structure of Unix File System
/ (root)
home bin sh
dev ls tty lp
etc
tmp
lib
usr
passwd shadow
Note: Different variants of UNIX differ slightly in the file system structure. But some of the basic folders are still the same.
Inodes and Linking A directory

FILENAME INODE NUM FILENAME INODE NUM
Another directory
file1 file2
0221 0412 name1 file3 0221 0981
File1 and name1 are links with same inode numbers

Inode block #0412 #0221
Absolute Path and Relative Path

The Absolute Path
The entire pathname starting from root(/) Example
/home/trng10/file1.
The Relative Path

The path relative to your present working directory Example
cd ..
How Unix Session Works.

LOGIN SHELL ASKS FOR A COMMAND USER TYPES COMMAND SHELL EXECUTES UTILITY TO CARRY OUT COMMAND USER INTERACTS WITH UTILITY SHELL PROMPTS FOR NEXT COMMAND USER TYPES CONTROL-D LOGOUT
Login Sequence.
Login id and password The /etc/passwd file and /etc/shadow file The /etc/profile file Shell prompt
System Settings.
The $PATH variable
Shows the location of executables
Aliases
Allows alternate name for commands
The tty, stty commands

Early UNIX had different kind of terminals Today terminals are implemented as software For backward compatibility, tty and stty commands are used
The [ctrl-c] , [ctrl-d] and other keys
Unix Command Structure

Unix Command line structure
command [options] [arguments]
Microsoft Word Document
General Unix Commands

ls - List contents of a directory

ls [option] [filenames]
Microsoft Word ocu nt
cat - Concatenate and display files cat [option...] [file ...]


cp - Copy files
cp [option...] [file1] [file2]
mv - Move or rename files

mv [option...] [file1] [file2]

pwd - Display Working directory
pwd
Mi r
cd - Change Working directory

cd [Directory]
Mi r

t r t

t r t

mkdir - Make Directories
mkdir [options] DirectoryName
Mi r
rmdir - Remove Directories

Mi r
8 765 ()4 3 )2 1)0) (
rmdir [options] DirectoryName
' &%$ # " !

t r t
t r t

rm - Remove files or directories rm [option...] file ...
Micro o t or Docu ent
ln - Make link to files

ln file1 [file2 ...] target
C B A @9 C B A @9

cal Calendar
cal [options] [arguments]
who Displays the users connected

who [options]

more Allows display page wise more [files]
whoami Display username

S R QPI
whoami
H G F ED
Processes in Unix
Process:
Instance of an application in memory
Mi o o o u o n
Process related commands

ps command
Concept of stdin, stdout and stderr
Standard Files
Standard Input (0)
This file is opened by shell to accept information.
Standard Output (1)

This file is opened by shell to direct output
Standard Error (2)

This file is opened by shell for writing error messages
VU
Building Block Primitives

Redirection of I/O:
Input to a process can come from either keyboard or a file Output of a process can be sent to either screen or a file
Pipes
Output of one program is piped as input to another program
Special Files
/dev/tty
It is used to display on the terminal
/dev/null
This file is used to suppress the output from being displayed Used for suppressing error messages from being displayed on the screen in programs
Mi r s t
e dcb WXa X` YX X W
rd t
Regular Expressions
What is it?
String of ordinary and metacharacter which can be used to match more than one type of pattern. Uses character set
* , [], ^, $, {}, etc.
Mi r s t
t srq fgp gi hg g f
rd t
The Shell Metacharacters.

* - Matches all filenames in current directory. ? - Matches a single character. [abc] - Matches a single character either a, b or c. [!abc] - Matches a single character which is not a, b or c. [a-c] Matches a single character which is within the range of a and c. ^abc Matches the pattern abc at the beginning of the line. abc$ - Matches the pattern abc at the end of the line.
Unix.
The Vi Editor.
Editor in Unix
Need for editor in Unix Types of editor
Line Editor
ed : UC Berkeley ex : Powerful than ed, Bell Systems
Full Screen Editor

vi (stands for visual) vim vi improved emacs (GNU)
The vi Editor.
The important characteristic features are:
Omnipresent
Works on different Unix flavors
Fast
Various operations are very fast
Powerful UNDO features

Text in lines could be undone with very less effort
The vi Editor.
The limitations are:
Less user-friendly
No graphical user interface
Highly Case-sensitive
Letter in small case has a different implementation in comparison with the same letter in upper case
Keystrokes could have more than one meaning

A letter (of the same case) has different implementation across different modes.
The vi Editor.
Modes of working:
Command Mode
Keys are interpreted as commands
Insert Mode
Keys are interpreted as data
Escape Mode
Keys are interpreted for saving/exiting purposes
vi Operating modes.
i, I , o, O, a, A ..
Command mode :
Enter esc
Insert mode
Escape mode
:q
Vi editor commands
To move around
h, j, k, l, ^D, ^U, G, 0, ^, $, w, b
Inserting/Deleting text
i, a, I, A, r, R, o, O, dd, dw, c$, D, x, X.
Changing/Replacing text.
cc, cw, c$, ~, J, u, . , yy, yw, p, P
File manipulation.
:w, :wq, ZZ, :w!, :q, :q! , :![command]
Searching a pattern
/pattern
Searches forward for first occurrence of a pattern.
?pattern
Searches backward for first occurrence of a pattern.
n
Repeats the last search.
N
Repeats the last search command in opposite direction.
Pattern Substitution.
:s/ptn1/ptn2
Replaces first occurrence of ptn1 with ptn2.
: s/ptn1/ptn2/g
Replaces all occurrences in the current line.
: m, n s/ptn1/ptn2/g
Replaces all occurrences in lines m to n.
: ., $ s/ptn1/ptn2/g
Replaces all occurrences from current line to end of file.
Customizing vi.
The set command
:set all :set nu
The abbr command

:abbr itl Infosys Technologies Ltd
The map command

:map ^X :wq
Vi Startup File
.exrc
vi reads .exrc before loading settings are permanent for a vi session
Handling multiple files.

vi file1 file2 file3
Opens all files one after another
:n
Permits editing of next file in the buffer
: rew
Permits editing of first file in buffer
: args
Displays names of all files in the buffer
:f
Displays the name of the current file
System Variables.
PATH
Search path referred by Unix for any command. echo $PATH
HOME
Indicates the home directory for the user. echo $HOME
Mic oso t o Doc e t
y u u x w v
# ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00
System Variables (contd).

PS1
Used for displaying & changing the primary prompt. echo $PS1
PS2
Used for changing the secondary prompt.
Mi r s t
rd t
set command.
set command
Used for display all the environment variables. Shows the current values of system variables. Also allows conversion of arguments into positional parameters. Syntax : set
Mi r s t
rd t
man command.
A screenshot of the man command. Syntax: man <command name>
[ ] indicates optional content
Type the letter q to quit

Summary
Background Features of Unix Unix System Architecture Unix File System General Unix commands and utilities Processes Regular Expressions Vi Editor Modes of operation
Thank You!

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UNIX - J2EE (LC)

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

This Course does not cover

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

Need for Unix in todays world

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

Features Of Unix (Contd.)

Software Development Tools

Stable and Reliable

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

Features Of Unix (Contd.)

Hierarchical File System

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

Structure of Unix File System

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

Inodes and Linking A directory

0221 0412 name1 file3 0221 0981

File1 and name1 are links with same inode numbers

Absolute Path and Relative Path

The Relative Path

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

How Unix Session Works.

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

The tty, stty commands

The [ctrl-c] , [ctrl-d] and other keys

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

Unix Command Structure

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

General Unix Commands

Microsoft Word ocu nt

cat - Concatenate and display files cat [option...] [file ...]

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

ER/CORP/CRS/OS31/003 Version No: 1.00

General Unix Commands

mv - Move or rename files

Copyright 2005, Infosys Technologies Ltd

' &%$ # " !