Primary distribution system is that part of the electric distribution system between distribution substation and distribution transformers.

It is made up of circuits called primary feeders or distribution feeders.

1

In this system all the sections/branches of a feeder are fed from a single source in a fixed direction
Load Load Load

Generator

In this it is shown that there are two primary feeders from which further subfeeders supply to there respective loads. If any one of the feeder becomes faulty then supply through that feeder has to cut so no reliability
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Merits Simple in design, construction, operation and maintenance

Reasons Suitable size of conductor. Very simple protection schemes. Maintenance easy. Easy fault current calculations. No extra length of line and switching arrangements required. Less capital cost as different sizes of conductors can be used. As no alternative arrangements are necessary so shortest route can be adopted hence cost saving As used in rural areas so large spans can be used which further reduces cost

cheapest system

Demerits Very poor service reliability

Reasons In case of fault on a feeder the supply to consumers from those feeders is cutoff and restored on fault removal. Due to passage of total current through the common main section of the feeder, voltage drop(IR) and line losses will be more as compared to the system which facilitates distribution of load currents into two or more paths

Excessive voltage drop and line losses

It is considered more suitable for the areas with low density of load involving long distances and requiring low degree of availability.

5 132KV 4 Grid Station 11KV

3 11KV 2 Distribution Substation

3 2 Distribution Transformer

1 0.4KV
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What is closed loop system?

If a HT line emanating from a Grid station and covering the load area in shape of a loop, finishes at the same Grid station returning to same breaker or another independent breaker it is called closed loop and the system is called closed loop system. In this system each transformer has two sectinalizers, one on either side of the transformers tap-off point.

Typical WAPDA closed loop system

Bus bar
Station circuit breaker transformer Sectionalizing switch closed

Sectionalizing switch closed

Load

Merits of closed loop system

1.

This system is more reliable than radial system.

In case of fault, breaker at grid station opens. After tracing the fault the faulty section is isolated, and supply to remaining section is restored. The consumers dont have to wait very long till the rectification of the fault as in the case of Radial system. In case of two simultaneously faults, the consumers have to wait much till the rectification of the fault of at least one section. But possibility of two simultaneously faults is less. It is usually preferred that there must be two breakers instead of one.
As compared to radial system the voltage drop and line losses is less.

2.

Less voltage drop, less line losses

De merits of closed loop system

This is an expensive system because of the following reasons.

It requires extra length of loop to complete the loop back to substation. Each transformer has to be provided with two sectionalizers , in absence of which the loop does not serve any purpose. In emergency total load of loop may have to be served from one side of loop, so higher size conductors are required to carry twice the current. Cost increases. Similarly in low load section the load during emergency must be more than 50%. They are used for small loops, If loop size is so large then the fault location time may exceed up to 5 to 6 hours. and if consumers are without electricity for this time then there is no justification to install such a system

Application

It is usually recommended for HIGH density areas where distances are small. preferably for urban areas. This system can be equally useful for rural areas where economy so permits. But to ensure effectiveness, the loop should be of small size.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGH, B.Z.U.

OPEN LOOP SYSTEM

In a closed-loop system with two breakers (one at each end), if one of the two sectionalizers is kept normally open, the system is named as open-loop system.

COMPARISON b/w CLOSED-LOOP & OPEN-LOOP SYSTEM

CLOSED-LOOP OPEN-LOOP

If fault occurs, the supply of the The effect of fault is limited to whole loop goes off. faulty part, as one circuit breaker operates.

Total loop has to be patrolledThe faulty part of the loop is for fault location. clearly known.

ADVANTAGES

Economical Availability of service is improved Locating fault is easy

STATION CIRCUIT BREAKER

SUBSTATION BUS SECTIONALIZING SWITCH (CLOSED) HRC FUSE

Load SECTIONALIZING SWITCH (OPEN) TRANSFORMER

OPEN LOOP SYSTEM

Double Supply System

Additional radial feeder is provided side by side to feed the same consumer. Using automatic change over switches. Duplicate feeders. supply system or parallel

Substation Bus

Circuit Breaker Sectionalizing switch LOAD

FUSE

TRANSFORMER S LOAD

Merits and Demerits

Advantages Higher service reliability. Disadvantages Very Expensive Extra feeders are installed which doubles the cost. Cost of sectionalizers. Additional length of line needed to connect the feeder to the transformer. Reduced Safety

Less line losses.

GRID FORM OF H.V SYSTEM

In this system all the distribution transformers of a load area, are interconnected providing normally two or more alternatives. while the whole system is fed from two or more bulk supply sources. But availability can not be improved through manual operation of sectionalizer to isolate faulty section during emergency as it will take quite a considerable time to identify the faulty section and to determine the better alternative. As manual operation may result in wrong operation due to complexity of the system so to have a real benefit of this system, automatic switching arrangements with sophisticated protection schemes should be provided including establishment of a remote control center.

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OG GRID FORM OF H.V-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

C.B C.B C.B C.B C.B STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER C.B C.B C.B 132KV BUS BAR

11KV BUS BAR

C.B C.B C.B C.B C.B C.B C.B C.B

C.B C.B C.B C.B

C.B C.B

C.B

C.B C.B C.B C.B

400 VOLT

C.B C.B C.B C.B

DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

C.B C.B

C.B

C.B C.B C.B C.B C.B

C.B C.B C.B C.B

400 VOLT

C.B C.B

C.B

Merits

Most reliable because normally no possibility of failure of supply and availability is almost 100%. In case of two simultaneous faults, service to the consumers will not be affected at all, or effect will be limited.

Demerits

It is most costly system.

Applications

The system being the most reliable, and at the same time the most costly, is recommended for the areas of highest priority of supply with very high load density. If the economy for a county is not a problem, this system is considered the most suitable one for urban areas, specially the big cities