LIGHT

y y y y y

DEFINITION Energy to which eye is sensitive UNIT FOR MEASURING LIGHT ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OPTICAL RADIATION 7 WAVES BANDS OF OPTICAL RAD UVC 200 280nm , UVB 280 315nm UVA 315 400nm, Visible Rad 400 -780nm IRA 780 -1400nm IRB 1400 -3000nm IRC 3000 - 10000 nm

LIGHT
y Shorter the wave length greater the energy. y Cornea and sclera absorbs UVC and UVB also IRB and IRC. y UVA is absorbed by the lens.

How we see ?
y Best understood by comparison with a camera.

y CAMERA y uses a shutter with a small, central opening to admit light y lens focuses the light, to make a sharp image on film
y The "developing process"

y HUMAN EYE y Uses pupil to admit

appropriate light y lens assumes a globular or flat shape to form image on retina
y The "developing process"

involves light-sensitive image preservation on film which is later on converted into positive

involves light-sensitive receptor cells on the retina the rods and cones.

RETINA
y Optic cup differentiate as two layers

Outer layer RPE Inner layer Sensory Retina y Retinal Layers 1.Retinal Pigment Epithelium 2.Rods and Cones 3.External limiting membrane 4.Outer nuclear layer 5.Outer plexiform layer 6.Inner nuclear layer 7.Inner plexiform layer 8.Ganglion cell layer 9.Nerve fibre layer 10.Internal limiting membrane

RETINA (Contd)
RODS AND CONES (PHOTORECEPTORS) y Are light sensitive element of retina y Rods function at low level of illumination (Scotopic vision) y Cones function at medium and high level of illumination ( Photopic vision) y Cones are mainly found in fovea y Rods are mainly found in peripheral retina y Outer segment of photoreceptors are removed diurnally and regenerated by inner segment

RODS AND CONES (Contd)

y Outer segment contain light sensitive pigment i.e. Rhodopsin in y y y y

rods and three photopigments in cones Axons of Rods and Cones synapse with bipolar cells and amacrine cells which in turn synapse with ganglion cells Axons of ganglion cells form optic nerve which extend to brain Sensory retina contain 100 million rods and 6 million cones Optic disc has no photoreceptors and is a blind spot in the visual field

Image is laterally reversed & upside down on retina

y The rod cells contain

rhodopsin, a protein partially derived from vitamin A. y Rods are sensitive to light and enable us to see in dim light. y The cone cells, contain iodopsin, are used for fine details and bright, color vision.

y Humans have three types

of cones, each sensitive to a different color of light: red, blue and green y Center of the macula : fovea contains maximum no of cones

Rhodopsin

Bathorhodopsin Lumirhodopsin Metarhodopsin 1 Metarhodopsin 2 Opsin

11cisretinal 11cisretinol

All transretinal All transretinol

y Information is passed to the ganglion cells which

send their axons to form optic nerves y Optic Chiasma is the portion where optic fibers from the nasal portion of each retina cross. y Optic Tracts. fibers from chiasma join the fibers from the temporal portion of the retina on the opposite side. y Left optic tract = impulses from Right visual field, y Right optic tract = impulses from Left visual field.

y Optic Tracts. fibers from

chiasma join the fibers from the temporal portion of the retina on the opposite side.

y Left optic tract = impulses

from Right visual field, y Right optic tract = impulses from Left visual field.

y Optic tract synapse at

the left/right lateral geniculate bodies y From here fibers continue as optic radiations to terminate in the right and left occipital lobes.

y When both eyes are

looking at an object, image is formed on retina. y Left half of visual field falls on the right side of each retina and vice versa. y Upper and lower fields fall on opposite halves of retina

we do not see with our eyes but, rather, with our brains. Our eyes merely are the beginnings of the visual process.

y THANK YOU

THANKYOU