Electronic Components

* - Wireless Systems Design 02-2000

There are two classes of components: Passive and Active

PASSIVE: Resistors, capacitors, transformer/inductor etc. are known as passive devices. Their properties do not depend actively on currents/voltages applied. Their properties are usually linear. ACTIVE: Diodes, Transistors (various types; analog/digital such as bipolar, field effect used in analog circuit and MOS/CMOS used in digital circuits), LED/ photodetector, op amp, digital integrated circuits. Their properties are usually nonlinear

Another way to classify: Analog vs. Digital

ANALOG: The component response is continuously and proportionally dependent on the input (may be linear or nonlinear). Good example: amplifier DIGITAL: The component response is essentially 1 or 0 (ON or OFF). These are usually used in digital circuits, computer memory and processors. Good example: Microprocessor

Passive Component

 INTRODUCTION TO RESISTERS

electrical device whose primary function is to introduce resistance to the flow of electric current . are used to control voltages and currents resistance is given in units of ohms. a two-terminal electrical or electronic component that allows a current through itself that is proportional to the potentialdifference between its terminals.

The resistance of a resistor can be defined in terms of the voltage drop across the resistor and current through the resistor related by Ohms law, R=V/I

Resistor Family Tree

RESISTORS

LEADED
CARBON FILM

SMT

METAL FILM
METAL OXIDE FILM WIREWOUND

THICK FILM
THIN FILM

Resistor Types
Broadly categorized as : (a) fixed (b) Variable (c) special-purpose (a)Fixed Resistors
value cannot be varied after manufacture.

Fixed resistors are classified into composition resistors wire-wound resistors metal-film resistors

Composition Resistors

composed of carbon particles mixed with a binder economical and exhibit low noise levels for resistances above 1 MW.

Wire-Wound Resistors
made by winding wire of nickel-chromium alloy on a ceramic tube covering with a vitreous coating

Metal-Film Resistors
made of nichrome, tin-oxide, or tantalum nitride, either hermetically sealed or using molded-phenolic cases Are not stable as wire wound resistors (b) Variable Resistors:

Potentiometers
special form of variable resistor with three terminals. Two terminals are connected to the opposite sides of the resistive element, and the third connects to a sliding contact that can be adjusted as a voltage divider. usually circular in form with the movable contact attached to a shaft that rotates

Rheostat

current-setting device in which one terminal is connected to the resistive element the second terminal is connected to a movable contact to place a selected section of the resistive element into the circuit.

(c)

Special-Purpose Resistors:

Varistors
voltage-dependent resistors that show a high degree of nonlinearity between their resistance value and applied voltage used for protection of electronic circuits, semiconductor components

Thermistors
change their resistance exponentially with changes in temperature If the resistance decreases with increase in temperature, the resistor is called a negative temperatucoefficient (NTC) resistor If the resistance increases with temperature, the resistor is called a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) resistor.

formed by depositing resistance films on an insulating substrate Depending on the thickness and dimensions of the deposited films, the resistors are classified into : thick-film thin-film resistors.

Deposited film resistors :

Resistor Characteristics
RESISTANCE VALUE Resistance is expressed in ohms ( ). Typical resistance values are industry standard (E24 & E96) values from 1.0 ohm to 10 Meg-ohms (10,000,000 ohm = 10MegOhm)

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Leaded Types
Axial Leaded Styles

Carbon Film

Metal Film

Metal Oxide

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INTRODUCTION TO CAPACITORS

Passive Components: Capacitors

1

Capacitor Family Tree

CAPACITORS

ELECTROSTATIC

ELECTROLYTIC

CERAMIC

FILM

ALUMINUM

TANTALUM

Non polarized AC or DC operation Lower Capacitance

Polarized DC operation Higher Capacitance

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Markets
CAPACITORS

ELECTROSTATIC

ELECTROLYTIC

CERAMIC

FILM

ALUMINUM

TANTALUM

Biggest market Lowest Cost

Large Cap at low cost

Better performance at higher cost

Large Cap in Small Sizes

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Capacitance Values
CERAMIC CERAMIC FILM FILM TANTALUM ALUMINUM 1.0pF 0.10uF 10uF 1000uF

ALUMINUM

F = micro-Farad = 1 x 10-6 F = 1 millionth of a

Farad nF = Nano-Farad = 1 x 10-9 F = 1 billionth of a Farad

TANTALUM CERAMIC FILM

pF = Pico-Farad = 1 x 10-12
Farad

F = 1 trillionth of a
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Capacitance Values EIA Codes

EIA Code 1R5 2R2 3R3 4R7 6R8 100 150 220 250 330 390 470 560 680 750 820 101 121 151 181 201 221 271 301 331 391 471 511 561 681 751 821 102 Pico-Farad (pF) 1 .5 2 .2 3 .3 4 .7 6 .8 10 15 22 25 33 39 47 56 68 75 82 100 120 150 180 200 220 270 300 330 390 470 510 560 680 750 820 1000
Nano-Farad (nF) 0 .0 0 1 5 0 .0 0 2 2 0 .0 0 3 3 0 .0 0 4 7 0 .0 0 6 8 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 5 0 .0 2 2 0 .0 2 5 0 .0 3 3 0 .0 3 9 0 .0 4 7 0 .0 5 6 0 .0 6 8 0 .0 7 5 0 .0 8 2 0 .1 0 .1 2 0 .1 5 0 .1 8 0 .2 0 .2 2 0 .2 7 0 .3 0 .3 3 0 .3 9 0 .4 7 0 .5 1 0 .5 6 0 .6 8 0 .7 5 0 .8 2 1

Micro-Farad (uF)

3 digit code

(pF)
TANTALUM CERAMIC FILM

3 digit code R represents decimal point 4R7 = 4.7pF

0 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 0 1 2 0 .0 0 0 1 5 0 .0 0 0 1 8 0 .0 0 0 2 0 .0 0 0 2 2 0 .0 0 0 2 7 0 .0 0 0 3 0 .0 0 0 3 3 0 .0 0 0 3 9 0 .0 0 0 4 7 0 .0 0 0 5 1 0 .0 0 0 5 6 0 .0 0 0 6 8 0 .0 0 0 7 5 0 .0 0 0 8 2 0 .0 0 1

3 digit code First 2 digits are significant. Third digit is number of zeros. 101 = 100pF 18

3 digit code

(pF)
TANTALUM CERAMIC FILM

EIA Code 122 152 202 222 272 302 332 392 472 562 682 822 103 123 153 183 223 333 473 563 683 823 104 124 154 224 334 474 564 105 225 335 475 685 106 226

Pico-Farad (pF) 1200 1500 2000 2200 2700 3000 3300 3900 4700 5600 6800 8200 1 0,0 0 0 1 2,0 0 0 1 5,0 0 0 1 8,0 0 0 2 2,0 0 0 3 3,0 0 0 4 7,0 0 0 5 6,0 0 0 6 8,0 0 0 8 2,0 0 0 1 0 0,0 0 0 1 2 0,0 0 0 1 5 0,0 0 0 2 2 0,0 0 0 3 3 0,0 0 0 4 7 0,0 0 0 5 6 0,0 0 0 1,0 0 0,0 0 0 2,2 0 0,0 0 0 3,3 0 0,0 0 0 4,7 0 0,0 0 0 6,8 0 0,0 0 0 1 0,0 0 0,0 0 0 2 2,0 0 0,0 0 0

Nano-Farad (nF) 1 .2 1 .5 2 2 .2 2 .7 3 3 .3 3 .9 4 .7 5 .6 6 .8 8 .2 10 12 15 18 22 33 47 56 68 82 100 120 150 220 330 470 560 1000 2200 3300 4700 6800 1 0,0 0 0 2 2,0 0 0

Micro-Farad (uF) 0 .0 0 1 2 0 .0 0 1 5 0 .0 0 2 0 .0 0 2 2 0 .0 0 2 7 0 .0 0 3 0 .0 0 3 3 0 .0 0 3 9 0 .0 0 4 7 0 .0 0 5 6 0 .0 0 6 8 0 .0 0 8 2 0 .0 1 0 .0 1 2 0 .0 1 5 0 .0 1 8 0 .0 2 2 0 .0 3 3 0 .0 4 7 0 .0 5 6 0 .0 6 8 0 .0 8 2 0 .1 0 0 .1 2 0 .1 5 0 .2 2 0 .3 3 0 .4 7 0 .5 6 1 .0 2 .2 3 .3 4 .7 6 .8 10 22

Capacitance Values EIA Codes

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103 = 10,000pF 103 = 10nF 103 = 0.01uF

104 = 100,000pF 104 = 100nF 104 = 0.1uF

106 = 10,000,000pF 104 = 10,000nF 104 = 10uF

Capacitance Values EIA Codes

Pico-Farad EIA Code R10 R22 R33 R47 1R0 2R2 3R3 4R7 100 220 330 470 101 221 331 471 102 222 332 472 103 223 333 473 (pF) 100,000 220,000 330,000 470,000 1,000,000 2,200,000 3,300,000 4,700,000 10,000,000 22,000,000 33,000,000 47,000,000 100,000,000 Nano-Farad
(nF) 100 220 330 470 1000 2200 3300 4700 1 0,0 0 0 2 2,0 0 0

3 digit code

(uF)
ALUMINUM

33,000 47,000 100,000

Micro-Farad (uF) 0.1 0.22 0.33 0.47 1 2.2 3.3 4.7 10 22 33 47 100 220 330 470 1000 2200 3300 4700 10,000 22,000 33,000 47,000

3 digit code R represents decimal point R33 = 0.33uF

3 digit code First 2 digits are significant. Third digit is number of zeros 471 = 470uF 20

Capacitance Values

Standard Capacitance Values: Electrolytic Capacitors: Aluminum & Tantalum 10 22 33 47

Examples: 0.1, 0.22, 0.33, 0.47 1.0, 2.2, 3.3, 4.7. 10, 22, 33, 47 100, 220, 330

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Capacitance Values

Standard Capacitance Values: (PER EIA-575 & RS 460) Electrostatics: Ceramic & Film E12 : 10 12 15 18 22 27 33 39 47 56 68 82

Examples: 1.0, 1.2, 1.5,. 10, 15, 22, 100, 180, 270, 1K, 3.3K, 4.7K, 10K, 33K, 56K, 560K, 680K, 820K, 1uF, 2.2uF, 4.7uF,
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Capacitance Values

Standard Capacitance Values: (PER EIA-575 & RS 460) Electrostatics: Ceramic & Film E24 : 10 11 12 13 15 16 18 20 22 24 27 30 33 36 39 43 47 51 56 62 68 75 82 91

In-between Values Shown In Red Are Considered Odd NonPreferred Values And As Such Are Not Stocked And Should Be Discouraged From Being Selected

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Tolerance
Capacitance Tolerance : The allowable window - limits that the capacitors +25C (room temperature) capacitance value will be within. code 1 digit
ALUMINUM CERAMIC CERAMIC

CERAMIC FILM TANTALUM CERAMIC FILM CERAMIC

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Voltage Rating
Voltage Rating The maximum VDC that can be applied to the capacitor Range of Voltage Ratings: 2.0VDC ~ 15,000VDC
CODE 0G 0J 1A 1C 1E 1V 1H 1J 2A 2D 2E 2V 2G 2W VDC 4.0 6.3 10 16 25 35 50 63 100 200 250 350 400 450

2 digit code

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Appearance Radial Leaded Electrolytic Capacitors

Cathode lead (-) shorter than anode (+) Cathode polarity band or anode strip Date code (YYWW) 9614 = 14th week of 1996 Temperature rating Capacitance value (F) Voltage rating (VDC) Logo

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Appearance Axial & Snap-In Leaded Electrolytic

Cathode polarity band Date code (YYWW) 9614 = 14th week of 1996 Temperature rating Capacitance value (F) Voltage rating (VDC) Logo

Capacitors

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Ceramic Disc Capacitor (Radial)

Cap Tolerance C = +/-.25pF K = +/-10% D = +/-.5pF M = +/-20% F = +/-1% Z = +80%/-20% G = +/-2% Dielectric J = +/-5% Y5P

Cap Value 102 = 1000pF

Dielectric Y5F

Voltage 1KV = 1000VDC

Cap Value 103 = 0.01uF

Voltage 1KV = 1000VDC

Example shown P/N: NCD102K1KVY5F

Example shown P/N: NCD103K1KVY5PTR

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Film Capacitor (Radial Leaded)

Capacitance value (pF) & Tolerance Code Voltage rating (VDC)

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Variable capacitors
Variable Capacitor Symbol

Variable capacitors are mostly used in radio tuning circuits and they are sometimes called 'tuning capacitors'. They have very small capacitance values, typically between 100pF and 500pF (100pF=0.0001F).

Variable Capacitor

Trimmer capacitors
Trimmer capacitors (trimmers) are miniature variable capacitors. They are designed to be mounted directly onto the circuit board and adjusted only when the circuit is built.
Trimmer Capacitor Symbol

Trimmer Capacitor

INDUCTORS
AN INTRODUCTION

BASIC ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

THE MOST BASIC ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS ARE RESISTORS, INDUCTORS & CAPACITORS.

INDUCTOR DEFINED
An inductor is a device used to store magnetic energy.

Magnetic energy is stored as long as current keeps flowing through the inductor.

COIL INDUCTANCE
The various factors affecting the inductance of a coil are : 1.The inductance is directly proportional to the square of the turns. 2.The inductance increases as the length of the winding is increased. 3.The inductance increases as the permeability of the core material increases.

4. The inductance increases with an increase in the cross-sectional area of the core material. 5. Inductance is increased by inserting an iron core into the coil. 6. Introducing an air gap into a choke reduces the inductance. 7. L varies directly with B*B*N*N where B is the magnetic flux density and N is the number of turns in the coil.

TYPES OF INDUCTORS
An inductor is a coil having a number of turns of wire in the form of a spiral. The spiral may be wrapped around in different ways giving three types of inductors:

 AIR CORE INDUCTORS: Since the permeability of air is low, the inductance of air core inductors is low. FERRITE CORE: by inserting a ferrite or iron dust core in a coil it is possible to double its inductance. This means that it is also possible to halve the size of a coil for a given inductance. IRON CORE: this classification includes chokes and transformers, both of which have laminated iron cores. Iron core has a high permeability and hence iron core inductors have a high inductance.

In an inductor, the energy changes between electrical and magnetic forms continuously. SOME OF THE APPLICATIONS : 1. One application of the inductor is to limit the flow of alternating current while allowing direct current to pass freely. 2. Inductors are closely related to electromagnets in structure and are used to store energy in a magnetic field. Hence the inductors can be made to act as magnets .

3. Two coupled inductors can form a transformer. One inductor forms the primary while the second inductor forms the secondary of the transformer. Transformer can be step up (raises voltage ) or step down (reduces voltage) depending upon whether the secondary has more or less turns respectively than the primary. 4. Inductors and capacitors can be used in resonant circuits to allow a signal of only a particular frequency (resonant frequency) to pass through and to attenuate all other frequencies.

5. Inductors in conjunction with capacitors and other components can form an electronic filter to filter out specific signal frequencies and to attenuate all other frequencies. 6. Inductors are also employed in electrical transmission systems, where they are used to intentionally depress system voltages or limit fault current. In this field, they are more commonly referred to as reactors.

References
http://www.nzart.org http://www.inductor.com/default.htm Homebrew Your Own Inductors, by Robert H. Johns, W3JIP, QST, Aug 1997, p 35.