GPRS Overview

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) - Background

> General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an extension of the popular GSM mobile standard that offers packet data to a mobile user. > Before GPRS, data service on a GSM network was generally limited to 9.6 kilobits per second. > GSM Circuit switch data utilized a full rate voice channel (Timeslot) on the air interface for the entire duration of the data connection whether or not data is being transferred. These connections are normally billed according to airtime. > GPRS uses virtual connections for multiple users. Scarce radio resources are only allocated to a mobile if there is data waiting to be sent or received. As a result GPRS connections can be left always on and are normally billed by data volume rather than time.

GPRS network overlaid on GSM network

Support of GPRS does not represent a major upgrade to the existing GSM infrastructure. Largest impact is the addition of SGSN, GGSN, and PCUSN The main functions of SGSN are: to detect and record GPRS MS in its service area, send/receive data packets to/from the MS. The main function of GGSN is to forward data packets between the Public Data Network (PDN) and a GSM PLMN. In addition to routing and data transfer functions, the SGSNs and GGSNs collect charging statistics that are commonly used as a basis for billing
3

GPRS Packet Data Service

Copyright 1996 Northern Telecom

TS

Mobile Network (GPRS)

TS

5 S T

Copyright 1996 Northern Telecom

TS 2

TS 4

TS 5

In GPRS some timeslots are dedicated to providing packet data service. The Packet Control Unit Support Node (PCUSN) controls the fair allocation of GPRS radio resources in real-time. If there are multiple users in the cell they can share different data frames on the same timeslot. This arrangement works great with bursty data like web browsing. Data resources on the uplink and downlink are allocated independently. Throughput for a user depends on the number of GPRS timeslots and the amount of resource requested.
4

Copyright 1996 Northern Telecom

3 TS

Radio

GPRS Packet Data Service Contd.

> Three Users Sharing One TS
traffic on the link User A User B User C

time

One radio channel for several users Time Slots are shared

One user utilizes several radio channels Time Slots are aggregated

Less blocking

Higher rates

GPRS well adapted for bursty and interactive applications

5

GPRS Applications
> Personal Messaging: e-mail, schedule update > Mobile office: internet e-mail, file transfer, database access > E-Commerce: interactive shopping, ticket sales, interactive banking and gambling > On-line information access: news, web browsing, directory service, yellow pages, traffic information, train/plane time table, stock prices, real estate information > SMS
SMS can be offered with web like interface GPRS terminals make composing and reading messages easy

> Telemetry: Simple Messaging - Remote monitoring and reporting of metering devices such as:
electric, gas and water meters vending machines car rental, taxis bank teller machines

Network Architecture
MSC-VLR
PSTN/ ISDN A SMSC Ater Gs Gf Gd Agprs BSC PCUSN SGSN CGF
7

TCU BTS

EIR Gr Gn Ga Ga

HLR

Gc Gi GGSN Gp SGSN of other PLMN PSPDN

Gb

Backbones Used
Gn

SS7 Network
SGSNs
Existing GSM Components

Gn Gi

SGSNs Gn
Gn

Gn

Interne t Intranets

GGSNs

IP Backbone
Gi Gn

SIG

Gb

Gb

BSCs

Agprs Agprs

Frame Relay Network

PCUSNs

Agprs Agprs

BSCs

Nortel Implementation
MSC-VLR

PSTN/ ISDN HLR External LCS Clients

TCU

A Gr Gs Lg

Lh

Le GMLC

BTS Gd Ater SMSC SIG SCP Ge LiG Gn Ga PCUSN SGSN Ga CGF GGSN Gi Gp

LEA

BSC

Agprs

Gb

PSPDN

SGSN of other PLMN

Section 2: Functions of the GPRS Elements

Packet Control Unit Support Node (PCUSN) functions

MS
RLC/MAC Block Management

BSSGP Flow Control Frame Relay Links Gb asynchronous

Agprs synchronous

BSC

PCUSN

SGSN

Main function of the PCUSN is to provide the interworking function between two interfaces Packetized radio interface Agrs Packet network interface Gb Nortel Solution - PCUSN is introduced as a separate node in the BSS in order to provide the PCU functionality. This functionality is hosted on the Passport platform
11

Signaling Gateway Support Node (SGSN) functions

SGSN is hosted on the Passport platform. SGSN performs: Mobility management, routes packet data, authentication, encryption, compression Mobility management performs: Session management, MS state control (ready, standby, or idle), data packet routing on the downlink, including location tracking. SGSN performs authentication and ciphering procedures based on the same MS algorithms, keys and criteria as in existing GSM, but the ciphering algorithm is optimized for packet data transmission. DNS
Rou ting

LIG
P IC L

Res olut SGSN ion eling GTP Tunn

& ring he Cip sio res p y Com n la re e m ra F

Gn
Mob Man age men Bi t lli ng Re Gr co rd s

GGSN

Location

Services

HLR

Gb

Ga

CGF GMLC PCUSN

12

GPRS Gateway Support Node (GGSN) functions

IP a Ma ddre nag ss em ent
ng illi B s rd o ec R

Charging Gateway Function

Ga
Radius

DHCP
lin Gn nne P GT Tu g

Authentication GGSN T V Gi un PN ne lin g

Intranet Switch

SGSN

Intranet

GGSN serves as the interconnect point between the SGSN and the external PDN Routing Tunneling Two way point to point path to transfer encapsulated data Security Mobile subscriber authentication Radius server IP address allocation Internal pool or DHCP GGSN accounting - CGF Provides secure communication between GPRS users and the IP world in addition to providing tunneling capabilities within the GPRS network system itself. GGSN is hosted in the Shasta 5000 BSN For UL packets from the MS, GGSN strips off the GTP and lower layer headers and delivers the IP and X.25 packet in its native form to the external network. For DL packets to the MS, GGSN performs the opposite operation: it adds GTP and lower layer headers 13

SS7/IP Gateway (SIG) Functions

The Hewlett-Packard SS7/IP Gateway server (duplex ) or HP SIG provides interworking between GPRS nodes in an IP network and GSM nodes in an SS7 network SIG is responsible for routing messages from the GSM HLR to the correct SGSN Converts TCAP/GSM MAP encoded messages originating from the GSM HLR in the SS7 network, to UDP/IP messages containing the GSM MAP Client interface for GSM messages destined for the GPRS SGSN nodes It performs the reverse for messages which are originated by the SGSN and destined for the HLR

GMLC

Lg

Gr

HLR

SGSN1 IP Backbone SS7

Network

Gs

SIG
Ge Gd

MCS/VLR

SMSC SGSN2
14

SCP

Domain Name Server (DNS) Functions

End user enters the URL: http://www.nortel.com

The lists of Domain Names are distributed over the Internet

(3)

13 6

.1 4 7 .6

Domain Name Server is a distributed Internet/Intranet directory service, translating domain Names to IP addresses and vice versa

Internet

(1 ) ww Wh w. at i no s rte the ln IP (2 et )1 wo add 36 rk re .14 s.c ss 7.6 om of 8.6 ? 8

www.nortelnetworks.com (136.147.68.68)

8.6 8

DNS

15

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Functions GGSN

DHCP reduces the administrative burden of manually configuring computers for network use

IP Backbone
(3) Give the en d user this one : 136.147.102.26
s es dr ad

(1)
GPRS Network

e ne I

P nI a

(2) End user n eeds IP addre

ss

re dd a 6 his 02.2 t e .1 Us 47 .1 (4) 36 1

: ss

Internet

SGSN
This will be my address: 136.147.102.26
16

DHCP

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) Functions

Authenticates remote users and performs accounting functions

SGSN MS

IP Backbone

Log-in, Password GGSN

Frame Relay Network Is this a legitimate user?

17

RADIUS server

Charging Gateway Function (CGF) Functions

T eC Fisre p n ib fo a g g tin a ds rtin b gre o sa dth ntra s tin th m toa h G s o s le r g re a g n o g illin c rd n e n la g e in . fo a th tisu e b b th d ws a b gs s m rmt a s a le y e o n tre m illin y te

S-CDR and M-CDR

CGF
Collector Billing Files Transfer

Billing Center

SGSN GTP

Core network
GGSN

GTP

Aggregator & Distributor

Get billing files

G-CDR

Billing Records: PDP session duration GPRS QoS Negotiated Input Octets Output Octets Hot Billing

18

Home Location Register (HLR) Functions

SGSN
Gr (IP)

SIG

( Gr

) S7 S

HLR

SGSN sends MAP messages over Gr to SIG.

over SS7 to the HLR.

The SIG then sends this

The HLR is queried by the SGSN to verify subscription to the network

and to retrieve the mobiles subscription records (GPRS services, APN, QOS etc.).

The HLR keeps track of what SGSN the mobile is currently attached to.
19

Visiting Location Register (VLR) Functions

SGSN
Gs (IP)

SIG

s( G

S7 S

MSC/VLR

SGSN sends BSSAP+ messages over Gs to SIG.

this over SS7 to the VLR. service.

The SIG then sends

The MSC/VLR notified by the SGSN when a mobile is attached for circuit The VLR keeps track of what SGSN the mobile is currently residing within
and can use this information to page the mobile for circuit services.
20

Signaling Control Point (SCP) Functions

SGSN
Ge (IP)

SIG

e( G

) S7 S

SCP

SGSN sends CAMEL messages over Ge to SIG.

over SS7 to the SCP. CAMEL services.

The SIG then sends this

The SCP is notified by the SGSN when a mobile is activate and requires The SCP is used for pre-paid service.
21

It keeps track of a resource and lets the SGSN know when no more resources are available. The common example is to limit the amount of data traffic for a given mobile.

Short Message Service Center (SMSC)

SGSN SIG
Gd (IP)

d( G

S7 S

SMSC

SGSN sends SMS messages over Gd to SIG.

over SS7 to the SMSC.

The SIG then sends this

For SMS, the SGSN sends SMs to the SMSC for a mobile initiated SMS. For SMS, the SMSC sends SMs to the SGSN for a mobile terminated SMS.
22

Section 2: Signaling GPRS Support Node

Passport
The Passport is used to provide the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) for GPRS The Passport family of switches can support a wide variety of services from ATM, frame relay, IP routing, circuit emulation and voice services. A highly scalable and modular platform, the Passport can be configured to support multiple services and provides the ability to upgrade its hardware appropriately.

24

SGSN hardware
BIP

Example multi-shelf consists of : Passport 15000 Turbo (aka 15K) Passport 7480 Classic (aka 7K) SGSN/MG/AN shelf for UMTS utilize the 15K shelf only.

7K - -Shelf 7K Shelf

CP Exp

CP

CP

FP

FP

FP

FP

FP FP

15K - -shelf 15K shelf

CP Exp CP CP FP FP FP FP IFP

SGSN Frame SGSN Frame

25

IFP

Processor Cards
Control Processor (CP) provides control and management of the switch and its FPs, performs memory-intensive, non-real-time tasks such as routing table maintenance. It also provides system timing for all other processors connected to the backplane. Function processors (FP) provide the communication physical interfaces for Passport trunks or access services, real-time processing, packet routing and protocol handling.

26

Passport Backplane
Bus backplane The backplane of the Passport 6000/7000 series consists of two fully duplicated, load-shared 800 Mbit/s buses. If one bus fails, all the communication shifts to the working bus. Passport cells sent to any bus are seen by all processor cards, but all cards except the one the cell is destined for will discard it. Fabric backplane The backplane of the Passport 15000 consists of two fabric cards connecting processor cards in a full mesh configuration. If one fabric card fails, the other fabric card can operate solely at full shelf capacity. The fabric cards contain a switching element that routes backplane cells to the appropriate processor card. Switching capacity of 40Gbit/s.

27

GPRS/UMTS SGSN Functional Card Types

CP (Control Processor) > > > > > > > > > > > Passport control Gb Interface transport (Frame Relay) Data signaling traffic Mobility and session management HLR-cache and DNS agent, MapClient Data bearer traffic Ciphering/Deciphering, Compression, Segmentation connectivity for various interfaces SGSN billing functionality Lawful Intercept functionality Inter-working with SS7 to IP Gateway GTL (GPRS Transport Layer) GSC/USC (GPRS/UMTS Subscriber Control)

GSD/USD (GPRS/UMTS Subscriber Data Layer)

Ethernet/ATM Card SAS (Service Accounting Server)/LI (Lawful Intercept)

TCAP/MAP (Transaction Capability/Mobile Application Part)

28

Example SGSN Configuration

E1/DS1 to PCUSN 0 1 2 3 4 G T L 5 6 7 G T L G T L 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 G T L G T L G T L G S D G S D G S D G S D G S D G S D

OC3

E0

OC3

C P

C P

5 G S C

7 G S C G S C

A T M 4 P O C 3

A T M 4 P O C 3

OC3

CP

CP

One OC3 Link to Each OC3 FP on 7K shelf

29

To GGSN & SIG

LAN

S A S

S A S

M A P

M A P

E T H E R

E T H E R

Optional Ethernet To GGSN & SIG

Redundancy
The Passport 15000 and 7000 Platforms and Function Processors (FPs) offer a variety of redundancy options to ensure the availability of services and sessions over various failure scenarios.

CP Redundancy
In a 7K redundant arrangement CPs are placed in slot 0 and slot 15. In a 15K Passport the CPs are placed in slot 0 and 1. The redundant CP operates in warm standby state. The standby CP becomes active when it detects the active CP has failed, assuming both active and standby CPs are synched.

30

GSC/USC Redundancy
All the function processors can be provisioned in N+1 load sharing mode (i.e. dimensioning is carried over N cards, to provision N+1). The GSC/USC is N+1 over provisioned. Upon failure of one GSC/USC, an in service GSC/USC should handle all new requests. All Mobility management, session management data and sessions are lost. Users must reattach and reactivate to the network (manual intervention). Partial billing record loss. If GSC/USC does not recover or is locked, traffic will be distributed to remaining in service GSC/USC cards.

31

GSD/USD Redundancy
The GSD/USD is N+1 over provisioned. Upon failure of a GSD/USD, the remaining in service GSD/USDs handle all new requests. Subscriber data context information lost. User reactivates session (manual intervention) or Session Deactivate message received to force mobile to reactivate (no manual intervention). Data passing through and billing counts (uplink/downlink packets) will be lost. If GSD/USD does not recover or is locked, traffic will be distributed to remaining in service GSD/USD cards.

32

TCAP/MAP Redundancy
The TCAP/MAP card is 1:1 cold standby spared. Upon failure of the main TCAP/MAP, the spared TCAP/MAP card will handle . all new requests Delay to mobility management and SMS services. If both TCAP/MAP cards fail or are locked, complete outage for new subscribers attaching and SMS service.

33

SAS/LI Redundancy
The SAS/LI card is 1:1 cold standby spared. Upon failure of the main SAS/LI card, the spared SAS/LI card will handle all new requests. Switchover from main to spare card occurs. Portion of the partial record still on SAS is lost, closed CDRs still on disk are lost without a maintenance activity for existing subscribers. Potential loss of SGSN billing records during switchover (mobiles that attach or activate during switchover will not be charged) If both SAS cards fail or are locked, new subscribers will not be billed.

34

GPRS GTL Redundancy

The GTL utilizes 2N load sharing, MSA cards are deployed in pairs and at any time all 2N cards are active; with throughput redundancy, each card must be engineered at 40%. Upon failure of the primary GTL, the mated GTL will handle all new requests for redundant NSEs. No impact to the end user. Links are redundant, unless engineered at 40% significant capacity will be lost. If both the primary and mate GTL card fail or are locked, a complete outage will result for Network Service Entities solely served by these GTL cards.

35

ATM Redundancy
The ATM is 2N spared (inter-shelf communication). Upon failure of the ATM card, the alternate ATM card will handle all new requests. No impact to end user. If both ATM cards fail or are locked, inter-shelf communication is lost. Network outage will result.

36

Section 3: GPRS Gateway Support Node

Introduction
> What is a GGSN?
Gateway GPRS Support Node - A packet processing node in the wireless packet network, it serves as the boundary between the wireless network and other public or private networks.

> Nortel GGSN provides following configurable services:

Mobile subscriber authentication ( Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service - RADIUS authentication IP address allocation ( Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) address allocation, RADIUS address allocation, Local address pool) Outbound Tunneling ( L2TP, L2TP over IPSec, IPSec, GRE, VPN ) Accounting ( GTP Accounting, G-CDR Auditing, Tariff Based Billing (Time of Day billing), RADIUS Accounting, Content Based Billing ) OA&M ( Operational Measurements, Event Logs, Alarms, Command Line Interface (CLI), Patching ) Wireless Services ( GGSN QoS, Prepaid ), Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) ) IP Routing ( OSPF, RIP, BGP, IS-IS, IP Multicast )
38

GGSN Interworking Requirements

SMS-GMSC SMS-IWMSC SM-SC

MSC/VLR
Um

Gd D

CGF

HLR
Gs Gb Gc Gr Gn Gi Public Data Network Ga

GGSN SGSN

BSS

Gn

Gp Gf

SGSN

Other PLMN GGSN

EIR

39

GGSN Hardware

40

Hardware Description (1)

Chassis: 14 slots 2 Control management cards (CMC) 2 Switch fabric card (SFC) 10 remaining slots with Up to 6 Subscriber Service Cards (SSC) Up to 10 Line Cards W: 19 -- H: 19.25 -- D:18 Packet Processing Up to 96 CPUs on SSCs Up to 42,000 MIPS Fully redundant and Hot Swappable NEBS 3 compliant Full Hot Swap DC/AC power

Gn, Gi & Gp interfaces

4 port ATM STM-1 / OC-3, single mode and multi mode fiber 8 port Fast Ethernet 3 port ATM E3/T3 + 1 port ATM STM-1/OC-3, single mode and multi mode fiber can be used also for interface to a WAP Server

Interface to DHCP, RADIUS, CGF and SCP

2 port 10/100BaseT Ethernet on CMC card

Maximum of 4 Gigabit Ethernet cards, 8 port Fast Ethernet cards.

41

Hardware Description (2)

Slot 13 & 14: Control Management Cards (CMC) 1 14
Slots 14 (primary) and slot 13 (back-up) Responsible for: - basic operation and management - assignment of subscribers to the processor cards

Slot 5 & 6 or Slot 9 & 10: Capable of 1.2 Gbps operation 8xFE, GE. other slots capable of 622Mbps operation other Line cards Fan Assembly
42

- IP routing: RIP, OSPF. - GGSN Accounting - GTP Control Path

Slot 7 & 8: Switch Fabric Card (SFC)

Provide the ATM layer interconnection and queuing between the various line cards and the SSC cards 1+1 redundancy (backup does not pass traffic)

Remaining 10 slots (Slot1-6,9-12):

- Subscriber Service Cards (SSCs) - Line Cards (LC) N+1 redundancy

System Architecture
Subscriber Service Card (SSC)
4 x Subscriber Service Modules (SSM) per SSC
SSC- 1 SSC- 2 SSC- 3 SSC- 6
4 x Processors & HW Encryption per SSM Field Upgradeable

...

Switching Fabric ATM Switching Fabric Card (SFC)

CMC-A

Modular: 5 Gbps 10 Gbps

10/100 Ethernet Server Ports

Control Management Card (CMC)

Line Cards

43

Control Management Card (CMC)

Responsible for basic system operation and management, assignment of subscriber to SSCs, IP routing, Accounting Routing
CMC P1 runs the RIP or OSPF routing process routing table used to populate the Forwarding Information Base (FIB), which distributes reachability information to FIB caches on each SSM The CMC assigns subscribers to SSMs based on bandwidth allocation.

Modular Memory
Stores session information (PDP context and subscriber data) 1 GB or 512 MB sync DRAM 2 Meg L2 cache, 2xPower PC 750 processors, 233 MHz Hard disk (4 GB ) used to store system configurations , log files and billing, accounting files.

44

Control Management Card (CMC)

Ports supported
Two serial ports (RJ-45 connector) for console (text based CLI for basic configuration) and modem 1 x 10/100BASE-TX Ethernet port for OA&M 2 x 10/100BASE-TX Ethernet ports for server and cache connection (DHCP, RADIUS, CGF).

Flashcard slot (PCMCIA- II)

45

Switch Fabric Card (SFC)

Provides the ATM Layer interconnection and the queuing between the various line and processor cards Alphanumeric display that provides information about card configuration and status. Fabric is MMC-2000 chipset 5 / 10 Gbps totally non-blocking shared memory fabric
10 Gbps All slots available 5 Gbps Only slots 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, 14 available Gigabit Ethernet and 8 port Fast Ethernet Line Cards only available with 10 Gbps SFC (only slots 5, 6, 9, 10 support the appropriate bandwidth)

Note: the 8 x FE card can be placed in another slot but then only 4 port are available

46

Subscriber Service Card (SSC) Subscriber Service Module (SSM) Contains the processor arrays which perform the high touch services and policy services on a per subscriber basis Up to 6 SSCs supported per chassis 5+1 (over
provisioning) for maximum capacity

Highly scalable and flexible through support for up to 4 plug-in Subscriber Service Modules (SSMs)
SSM: 4 Subscriber Services Processor (SSP) SSP (Power PC 740) operates at 266 MHz and 256 Mb of local cache (no L2 cache) ??
SSC: up to 16 SSPs GGSN: up to 96 SSPs

47

Line Card
Provide physical connectivity in and out the GGSN

> Equipped with the Intelligent Cell Parser (ICP), that helps direct
incoming traffic to the proper SSM. The ICP receives configuration information as to subscriber identify from the CMC, and directs the traffic by intelligently parsing the first packet of a new flow (based on subscribers IP @s when coming from Gi side).

> Available for Gn, Gi and Gp interfaces:

4 port ATM STM-1 / OC-3, single mode and multi mode fiber 2 port OC-3 / STM 1 3 port ATM E3/T3 + 1 port ATM STM-1/OC-3, single mode and multi mode fiber 8 port Fast Ethernet 1 port Gigabit Ethernet (card introduced in Shasta 2.5)

> Connectivity services:

ATM/AAL5 Ethernet
48

Note: 10/100BaseT Ethernet interfaces also available on the CMC cards for connections to DHCP, RADIUS and CGF servers, as well as to SCPs (Service Control Points)

Section 4: Main GPRS Procedures

Mobility management
IDLE

GPRS Attach

GPRS Detach or Cancel Location

Functional MM State Model of SGSN

Implicit Detach or Cancel Location

READY
READY timer expiry or Force to Standby or Abnormal RLC condition

PDU reception

STANDBY
50

GPRS Attach Procedure

MS PCUSN SGSN HLR

IMSI or ( P_TMSI + old RAI ) Attach type MultiSlot capability requested READY timer value DRX parameters

GPRS Attach Request Security Functions ( Auth Request <-, Auth Response ->) Update Location Insert Sub Data Insert Sub data Ack GPRS Attach Accept
P_TMSI Negotiated ready timer value Periodic RA timer

Update Location Ack

MS = READY
51

GPRS Attach complete

Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context Activation

DNS DHCP

MS

SGSN BSS GGSN

> 1 - MS Initiated

Tunnel

Activate PDP Context Request (NSAPI, PDP type, PDP address, QoS Requested,APN) Security Functions Create PDP Context Request (NSAPI, PDPtype, PDP@, QoS, APN)

Create PDP Context Response Activate PDP Context Accept (PDP type, PDP address, QoS Negotiated) (PDP address, QoS negociated)

52

Packet Data Protocol Context Activation

APN Operator Id

2. Nortel.com.MNC.MCC.gprs
PN tA tex on com P C e l. PD Nort te = iva t t Ac 1. tex on t P c cep D c S Pon a M i SGSN @ at 0. ctiv 1 a @GGSN X

3. @ GGSN X

DNS DHCP
_

eq tR ex nt Co t P ex PD nt te Co ) ea P MS Cr PD @ 4. te t ( ea e p Cr Acc

ISP

.@
6

9.

@ MS @ MS

7.

S M

GGSN Y
PDP Type: IP APN : Internet PDP Type: IP APN: Nortel.com PDP Type: X25 APN: Transpac Mobile Subscribed PDP contexts

GGSN X

r nel C . Tun 5

n eatio

Intranet Nortel.com

8. St art b

@ SGSN @ MS

illing

reco rd

CGF
Inth d g m is ia ra , @ re re e ts p sn

53

th IPa d s o e d re s f

MS-Initiated Detach Procedure

54

SGSN-Initiated Detach Procedure

55

PDP Context Deactivation

MS Initiated

56

PDP Context Deactivation

Network Initiated

57

PDP Context Modification Sequence

MS Initiated

58

PDP Context Modification Sequence

SGSN Initiated

59

Security functions
Authentication

60

Example: WEB Access

PCUSN GGSN MS
IDLE

SGSN

WEB Server

GPRS Attachment READY PDP Context Activation

Home Page Request

61

Short Message Service (SMS)

MS Originated

62

SMS
MS Terminated

63

SMS Prepaid
MS Originated

64