Submitted by:

Surbhi Vijh UE85098 BE ECE (II), 7th Sem

If we continue to develop our technology without wisdom or prudence, our servant may prove to be our executioner . - Omar N. Bradley

WHAT IS A CELL PHONE?

Combination of

the ideas of the telephone and

Radio.
Extremely sophisticated Radio

Used to make mobile telephone calls across a wide

geographic area, served by many public cells, allowing the user to be mobile.
Can

make

and

receive

telephone

calls

by

connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile network operator.

Transmit and receive Radio Frequency (RF) signals

in order to communicate, i.e. use microwave radiation to communicate.

FIRST MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

One and only one high power base station with which all users communicate.
Normal Telephone System Wired connection

ntire overage Area

THE CELLULAR CONCEPT

The core idea that

led to today s system was the

cellular concept.
The cellular concept:

multiple lower-power base

stations that service mobile users within their coverage area and handoff users to neighboring base stations as users move.

 Instead of one base station covering an entire city,

the city is broken up into cells, or smaller coverage areas.

Each of these smaller coverage areas has its own

lower-power base station.

Each cell is thought of as hexagons or as big

hexagonal grids.

y User phones in one cell communicate with the base

station in that cell

y Each cell is typically 26 kilometers

CHANGING THE CELL

ADVANTAGE: In typical analog cell phone system, each carrier receives about 800 frequencies to use across a city. With the use of this concept, different cells (nonadjacent) can use the same set of frequencies.

WORKING
When we switch on the mobile phone, it tries for an SID on the Control channel. If difficult to get link with the control channel, displays no service . If the Mobile phone gets the SID, it compares the SID with the SID programmed in the phone. If both SID match, the phone identifies the cell. The phone also transmits a registration request along with the SID and the MTSO keeps track of your phone s location in a database. MTSO knows in which cell you are when it wants to ring the phone.

The

TS

the

ets the si

al; it tries t fi

the hone y looking in

its ata ase. Then picks a fre The TS communicates

ency pair to take the call. ith the obile phone over the control obile phone and

channel to tell it

hat fre uencies to use. Once the

the tower switch on those fre uencies, the call is connected. When the obile phone move toward the edge of the cell, the signal

strength diminishes.
The two base stations coordinate themselves through the TSO. At

some point, the

obile phone gets a signal on a control channel and

directs it to change fre uencies. This will switch the phone to the new cell.

THE FIRST CELL PHONE

Name- DynaT C8000X Demonstrated by Dr Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973 Commercially available in 1983 Only 2000 phones available to public Weighed 2 kg Could store only 30 phone numbers Battery needed to be charged for 10 hours Talk Time- 1 hour Cost- $3,995 only

AN IMPORTANT TECHNOLOGY
Cellular telephony is one of

the fastest growing

technologies on the planet.

Presently, we are starting

to see the third generation of the cellular phones coming to the market. more than hold

New phones allow users to do much

phone conversations.

In the twenty years from 1990 to 2010, worldwide mobile phone

subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to over 4.6 billion, penetrating the developing economies and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid.
Mobile or cellular phones are now an integral part of modern

telecommunications.
In many countries, over half the population use mobile phones and

the market is growing rapidly.

In some parts of the world, mobile phones are the most reliable or

the only phones available.

Given the large number of mobile phone users, it is important to

investigate, understand and monitor any potential public health impact.

ILL EFFECTS OF MOBILES

Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)



Specific absorption ratio (S R) is defined as the amount of RF (radiofrequency) energy absorbed per unit mass. It is measured in Watts/Kg and it is a more useful quantity in that it measures the amount of energy absorbed by the body in the course of mobile phone use

This is regarded as one of the safety valves for mobile phones. In merica the S R of any mobile phone can not exceed 1.6W/Kg over a gram of tissue.

The Europeans use the value of 2W/Kg over 10g of tissues.

1.RADIATION EFFECT
y A part of the radio waves emitted by a mobile telephone

handset are absorbed by the human head.

y The radio waves emitted by a GSM handset can have a

peak power of 2 watts, and a US analogue phone had a maximum transmit power of 3.6 watts.
y The best known measure is SAR (Specific Absorption

Rate), which measures the RF power absorbed by the human body.

2. THERMAL EFFECTS
A typical GSM digital cellular phone operating at a maximum average power output of about 0.25 watts (W) might results in a SAR of about 0.5-1.5 W/kg averaged over a gram of tissue. This is often associated with a very low rise in brain temperature (maximum 0.1 C) (Anderson and Joyner 1995; Vaberg 1997; van Leeuwen et al. 1999). This temperature rise increases with the length of the call as shown in this graph.
Note: Temperature rise is very minimal in the first few minutes. Then rises sharply at about 15 minutes Continued a very gradual increase thereafter

DIELECTRIC HEATING

3. NON- THERMAL EFFECTS

Some researchers have argued that so-called "nonthermal effects" could be reinterpreted as a normal cellular response to an increase in temperature. The German biophysicist Roland Glaser, for example, has argued that there are several thermo-receptor molecules in cells, and that they activate a cascade of second and third messenger systems, gene expression mechanisms and production of heat shock proteins in order to defend the cell against metabolic cell stress caused by heat.

4. BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER EFFECTS

Mobile phones open up the Blood Brain Barrier

5. CANCER AND BRAIN TUMOUR

6. COGNITIVE EFFECTS
The study confirmed longer (slower) response times to a spatial working memory task when exposed to RFR from a standard GSM cellular phone placed next to the head of male subjects, and showed that longer duration of exposure to RFR may increase the effects on performance.

7. ELECTROMAGNETIC HYPERSENSITIVITY
Several unspecific symptoms during and after use; ranging from burning and tingling sensations in the skin of the head and extremities, fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness, loss of mental attention, reaction times and memory retentiveness, headaches, malaise, tachycardia (heart palpitations), to disturbances of the digestive system. Reports have noted that all of these symptoms can also be attributed to stress and that current research cannot separate the symptoms from nocebo effects.

8. GENOTOXIC EFFECT
Australian research conducted in 2009 by subjecting in vitro samples of human spermatozoa to radio-frequency radiation at 1.8 GHz and specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.4 to 27.5 W/kg showed a correlation between increasing SAR and decreased motility and vitality in sperm, increased oxidative stress, stimulating DNA base adduct formation and increased DNA fragmentation.

9.

EE AND EEG EFFECTS

Sleep, EEG and waking rCBF(regional cerebral blood flow) have been studied in relation to RF exposure for a decade now, and the majority of papers published to date have found some form of effect.

10. DECREASED HIP-BONE DENSITY

Men who routinely wear their cell phones clipped to their belts have a reduced bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in the hip, according to a study from National University of Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. Electromagnetic

radiation is theorized to be the cause of the decrease in bone strength.

11. EFFECT ON HEART

Studies suggest, the strength of these fields will not affect ordinary heart rhythm or function. Can present a danger to those with an implanted pacemaker, internal defibrillator or similar device. Problems most likely to arise when pacemakers and defibrillators are being programmed or reset by medical staff. Recommended that keep cell phones and media players at least six inches from the generator (implanted device).

Cell phones may interfere with pacemakers

SOME STUDIES
March 2003, a study in the International Journal of Oncology suggested that mobile phone users had a 30% increased risk of brain tumours - mainly accoustic neuromas. Short exposure to Mobile phone radiation - two hours - has been reported in 2003 to destroy cells in parts of the brain important for memory, movement and learning, and could possibly conceivably premature onset of illnesses such as Alzheimers. In October 2004, scientists at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm gave a new warning about mobile phone radiation and brain tumours - accoustic neuromas.

Cellular changes demonstrated at non-thermal levels

Autism may be Linked to Electromagnetic Radiation Levels

In Mother s Bedroom During Pregnancy

Body Voltage Levels

y

Median Body Voltage Level in Mom s Bed During Pregnancy* Value Range (380-6,040) (12-480)

Neurologically Impaired Children Healthy Group

1,872 milliVolts 224 milliVolts

Result: 8.4x Higher Body Voltage Levels in Mom s with Neurologically Impaired Children *Note research shoes whatever the Body Voltage of the Mom, it is even higher in the foetus.
y

Body Voltage of Child in Current Bed Location Value Range (420-4,900) (0-230)

Neurologically Impaired Children ealthy roup esult: 8.5x ocation igher

1,028 milliVolts 120 milliVolts

ody Voltage in Neurologically Impaired Child s Sleeping

Microwave Exposure
y Microwave Power Density in Sleeping Location

mw/sq. meter Neurologically Impaired Children Healthy Group 290 14

Range

(110-1,710) (0-67)

esult: 20.7x higher microwave power density in mom s sleeping location in cases where children were neurologically impaired.

HEA TH HAZARDS OF BASE STATIONS

SOME STUDIES Great cancer risk increase in the vicinity of a GSM base station New Austrian research confirms health effects of base station radiation French study found base stations affected health negatively

SAFETY AND STANDARDS

 There are many proposed national and international

standards
That of the International Commission for Non-Ionizing

Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) is the most respected one

Has been adopted so far by more than 80 countries. For radio stations, ICNIRP proposes two safety levels:

one for occupational exposure, another one for the general population

ICNIRP Reference Levels

Safety Limits Proximity devices

Device FCC /OSHA Typical Comment 0.5 W if user is at edge of the cell, 0.1mW if user is near a cell tower +

1.6 W/kg over 0.1mW to Cell phone / mobile phone / 1 gram of body 0.5W at the PDA / Scanner mass, 4 W near handset hands, wrists, feet and ankles

Therefore, more the number of towers, less will be

power transmitted by your cell phone

PRECAUTIONS

DO NOT SLEEP WITH

OBILE PHONE

NDER THE PILLOW

Prefer SMS over calls

AVOID LIVING NEAR BASE STATIONS

Cell Phone EMF Radiation Detector

Cell Phone & Small Appliance EMF Anti-Radiation Protector Strip

Cell-Shield Cell Phone Case with Radiation Shield (Model A) Cell Phone Radiation Shield - Anti-Radiation Shield Sticker for Cellular Phones

RF3 ENVi Natural Wood Stereo Earbud Cell Phone Headset with 3.5 mm Jack

Airtube Wireless "Single" Ear Hook Headphone Radiation Free Fits Both 2.5mm and 3.5mm Jack , Compatible with Ipod, Iphone & Blackberry and All Cellphones with 2.5mm and 3.5mm Jack

REFRENCES
1. http://www.freewimaxinfo.com/mobile-communication-technologies.html 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_radiation_and_health 3. http://www.scribd.com/doc/47580455/mobile-communication 4. http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cell-phone1.htm# 5. http://electroschematics.com/5231/mobile-phone-how-it-works/ 6. http://www.articlesbase.com/communication-articles/harmful-effects-of-cell-phoneradiations-205163.html 7. http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/healthyliving/cancercontroversies/mobilephones/ 8. BMC Genomics 2008, 9:77 9. electromagnetichealth.org 10.http://www.lawyersclubindia.com/forum/Re-Re-How-to-stop-the-cell-Mobile-tower-inresidential-area-4455.asp?1=1&offset=2 11. http://www.mensxp.com/health/live-healthy/3921-how-to-counter-bad-effects-of-mobilephone-radiation.html

THANK YOU