Shear Wall Frame IEM-KL-Aug02 - AIT Thailand

Behavior, Modeling and Design
of Shear Wall-Frame Systems

Behavior, Modeling and Design
of Shear Wall-Frame Systems
Naveed Anwar
Naveed Anwar
Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software, ACECOMS, AIT Asian Center for Engineering Computations and Software, ACECOMS, AIT
Shear Wall Behavior, Modeling, Analysis and Design AIT AIT - Thailand - Thailand
ACECOMS
The Basic Issues
Modeling and analysis issues
Transfer of loads to shear walls
Modeling of shear walls in 2D
Modeling of shear Walls in 3D
Interaction of shear-walls with frames
Design and detaining issues
Determination of rebars for flexure
Determination of rebars for shear
Detailing of rebars near openings and corners
Design and detailing of connection between various commonest of

cellular shear walls
ACECOMS
Shear Wall Common Misconceptions
Due to misleading name Shear Wall
The dominant mode of failure is shear
Strength is controlled by shear
Designed is governed primarily by shear
Force distribution can be based on relative stiffness

ACECOMS
Shear Wall or Column
ACECOMS
Shear Wall or Frame
Shear Wall Frame
Shear Wall or Frame ?
ACECOMS
Shear Wall and Frame Behavior
ACECOMS
Shear Wall and Truss Behavior
ACECOMS
Shear Wall and Frame
Shear Wall Behavior
Frame Behavior
ACECOMS
Shear Wall and Frame Interaction
Interaction
forces
ACECOMS
A-1 A-2 A-3 B-4 B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4
Frame and Frame-Shear Wall
ACECOMS
Shear Wall and Frame Interaction
Frames Deform
Predominantly in a shear mode
Source of lateral resistance is the rigidity of beam-column/slab joints
Shear Wall Deform
Essentially in bending mode
Shear deformations are rarely significant
Only very low shear walls with H/W ratio <1 fail in shear
Behave mostly like a slender cantilever
Designed to resist the combined effect of axial, bending and

shear
ACECOMS
The Basic Behavior of
Shear Walls, Frames and Shear Wall-Frames
ACECOMS
For each 10, 20 and 30 story buildings
Only Shear Wall
( Total 3 Cases )
Only Frame
( Total 3 Cases )
Only Shear + Frame
( Total 3 Cases )
Case Studies: Shear WallFrame Interaction
Total 3x3 = 9 Cases
ACECOMS
10 Story Wall 26.73 cm
Wall Thickness = 15 cm
Case 1: Shear WallFrame Interaction
ACECOMS
15.97 cm
10 Story Frame
Beam Section = 60 cm x 30 cm
Column Section = 50 cm x 50 cm
ACECOMS
10 Story Wall and Frame
5.14 cm
ACECOMS
20 Story Wall
158.18 cm
ACECOMS
20 Story Frame
27.35 cm
ACECOMS
12.66 cm
ACECOMS
30 Story Wall
355.04 cm
ACECOMS
30 Story Frame
40.79 cm
ACECOMS
20.87 cm
ACECOMS
T o p F l o o r D e f l e c t i o n C o m p a r i s o n
5.1 4
1 2.6 6
2 0.8 7
1 5.9 7
2 7.3 5
4 0.7 9
2 6.7 3
1 5 8.1 8
3 5 5.0 4
0
5 0
1 0 0
1 5 0
2 0 0
2 5 0
3 0 0
3 5 0
4 0 0
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0
N u m b e r o f S t o r y
D
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

a
t

T
o
p

F
l
o
o
r

(
c
m
)
Fr a m e + W a l l
Fr a m e
W a l l
Shear WallFrame Interaction
ACECOMS
Storey Deflection (10 Storey Building)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
St ory
D
e
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

(
c
m
)
Wall
Frame
Frame+Wall
ACECOMS
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 5 10 15 20 25
St orey
D
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

(
c
m
)
Wall
Frame
Frame+ Wall
ACECOMS
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
St orey
D
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

(
c
m
)
Wall
Frame
Frame+ Wall
ACECOMS
Force / Stiffness
Stiffness Force /
Stiffness
Frame
200 / 40.79 = 04.90
Stiffness
Wall
200 / 355.04 = 00.56
Stiffness
Frame+Wall
200 / 12.66 = 15.79
Stiffness
Frame
+Stiffness
Wall
4.90 + 0.56 = 5.46
Stiffness
Frame
+Stiffness
Wall
Stiffness
Frame+Wall

For the cases considered here (30 story example):
Force=200
Deflection = 40.79
ACECOMS
Shear Wall Moments
for the Coupled System
Change in Shear Wall Moments
Interaction
forces
ACECOMS
Interaction
forces
Coupling Element Moments
ACECOMS
Shear Wall-Frame Load Distribution Curves
ACECOMS
Deflected Shape of Shear Wall-Frame Interactive System
Khan-Sbarounis
Curves
ACECOMS
Comparison of Shears and Moments in the Core wall
4 Different Layouts for Same Function Requirements
3
0
@
2
0
=
6
0
ft
total length of building = 110 ft
2
1
5 @20 =100 ft
10 ft
2
6
ft
corewall
corewall
Column
line
1 2 3 4 5 6
CL
2
1
7
12 in
6
ft
in. thick
flat plate
3
0
@
2
0
=
6
0
ft
2
1
5 @20 =100 ft
10 ft
2
6
ft
corewall
corewall
Column
line
1 2 3 4 5 6
CL
2
1
7
12 in
6
ft
in. thick
flat plate
2
0
ft
10 in
2
1
5 @20 =100 ft
10 ft
2
6
ft
corewall
corewall
Column
line
1 2 3 4 5 6
CL
2
1
7
12 in
6
ft
in. thick
flat plate
2
0
ft
10 in
2
0
ft
18-story high
shear walls
Type A
Type B
Type C
2
1
5 @20 =100 ft
10 ft
2
6
ft
corewall
corewall
Column
line
1 2 3 4 5 6
CL
2
1
7
12 in
6
ft
in. thick
flat plate
2
0
ft
10 in
2
0
ft
18-story high
shear walls
Type D
ACECOMS
3
0

@

2
0

=

6
0

f
t
2
1
5 @ 20 = 100 ft
10 ft
2
6

f
t
corewall
corewall
Column
line
1 2 3 4 5 6
C
L
2
1
7
12 in
6

f
t
in. thick
flat plate
Typical Floor Plan- Structure Type A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
22 ft 20 ft
30 ft 30 ft
C
L
10 ft
7.5 thick
floor slabs
8' clear height
between floors
T
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
e
s
e
c
t
io
n
C
o
r
e
w
a
ll
Comparison of : Type A
ACECOMS
3
0

@

2
0

=

6
0

f
t
2
1
5 @ 20 = 100 ft
10 ft
2
6

f
t
corewall
corewall
Column
line
1 2 3 4 5 6
C
L
2
1
7
12 in
6

f
t
in. thick
flat plate
Typical Floor Plan- Structure Type B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
22 ft 20 ft
30 ft 30 ft
C
L
10 ft
7.5 thick
floor slabs
8' clear height
between floors
T
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
e
s
e
c
t
io
n
C
o
r
e
w
a
ll
3
0

@

2
0

=

6
0

f
t
2
1
5 @ 20 = 100 ft
10 ft
2
6

f
t
corewall
corewall
Column
line
1 2 3 4 5 6
C
L
2
1
7
12 in
6

f
t
in. thick
flat plate
2
0

f
t
10 in
Comparison of : Type B
ACECOMS
3
0

@

2
0

=

6
0

f
t
2
1
5 @ 20 = 100 ft
10 ft
2
6

f
t
corewall
corewall
Column
line
1 2 3 4 5 6
C
L
2
1
7
12 in
6

f
t
in. thick
flat plate
Typical Floor Plan- Structure Type C
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
22 ft 20 ft
30 ft 30 ft
C
L
10 ft
7.5 thick
floor slabs
8' clear height
between floors
T
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
e
s
e
c
t
io
n
C
o
r
e
w
a
ll
3
0

@

2
0

=

6
0

f
t
2
1
5 @ 20 = 100 ft
10 ft
2
6

f
t
corewall
corewall
Column
line
1 2 3 4 5 6
C
L
2
1
7
12 in
6

f
t
in. thick
flat plate
2
0

f
t
10 in
2
1
5 @ 20 = 100 ft
10 ft
2
6

f
t
corewall
corewall
Column
line
1 2 3 4 5 6
C
L
2
1
7
12 in
6

f
t
in. thick
flat plate
2
0

f
t
10 in
2
0

f
t
18-story high
shear walls
Comparison of : Type C
ACECOMS
Typical Floor Plan- Structure Type D
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
22 ft 20 ft
30 ft 30 ft
C
L
10 ft
7.5 thick
floor slabs
8' clear height
between floors
T
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
e
s
e
c
t
io
n
C
o
r
e
w
a
ll
2
1
5 @ 20 = 100 ft
10 ft
2
6

f
t
corewall
corewall
Column
line
1 2 3 4 5 6
C
L
2
1
7
12 in
6

f
t
in. thick
flat plate
2
0

f
t
10 in
2
0

f
t
18-story high
shear walls
Comparison of : Type D
ACECOMS
Comparison of Shears and Moments in the Core wall
ACECOMS
Wall-Frame Interaction: Key Conclusions
The shear wall deform predominantly in bending mode
The common assumptions to neglect the frames in lateral load

resistance can lead to grossly erroneous results
Consideration of shear wall-frame interaction leads to a more

economic design
The shear walls should be designed to resist the combined effect of

axial, bending and shear
Layout of the shear walls in plan in very important, both for vertical as
well as gravity load
ACECOMS
Basic Types of Shear Walls
ACECOMS
Basic Types of Shear Walls
Basic Modeling Options
for Shear Walls
Basic Modeling Options
for Shear Walls
ACECOMS
Modeling of Walls using 1D Elements
L
t x h
L
t
H2
H1
Simple
beam
elements
L
t
Beam
elements
with rigid
ends
Beam
elements in
Truss
Model
ACECOMS
Frame Model for Planer Walls
Rigid Zones
Specially Suitable when H/B is
more than 5
The shear wall is represented by
a column of section B x t
The beam up to the edge of the

wall is modeled as normal beam
The column is connected to
beam by rigid zones or very large
cross-section
B B
H H
t t
ACECOMS
Frame Models for Cellular Walls
Difficult to extend the concept to

Non-planer walls
Core Wall must be converted to

equivalent column and
appropriate rigid elements
Can be used in 2D analysis but more

complicated for 3D analysis
After the core wall is converted to

planer wall, the simplified
procedure cab used for modeling
B B
H H
t t
B B
H H
2t 2t
t t
ACECOMS
Modeling Walls using 2D Elements
Walls are subjected to in-plane deformations so 2D elements

that have transnational DOF need to be used
A coarse mesh can be used to capture the overall stiffness and

deformation of the wall
A fine mesh should be used to capture in-plane bending or

curvature
General Shell Element or Membrane Elements can be used to

model Shear Walls
ACECOMS
Modeling Walls Using Membrane
Nodes: 4
DOFs: 2 DOFs /Node Ux and Uy
2-Translation
Dimension: 2 dimension element
Shape: Regular / Irregular
Properties: Modulus of Elasticity(E),
Poisson ratio(v),
Thickness( t )
This Incomplete Panel or Membrane Element
does not connect with Beams completely and
rotation DOF of beams and the ends are Orphaned
The Incomplete Membrane Element
ACECOMS
Modeling Walls using Shell Elements
Nodes: 4
DOFs: 3 DOFs /Node Ux and Uy and Rz
2 Translation, 1 rotation
Dimension: 2 dimension element
Shape: Regular / Irregular
Properties: Modulus of Elasticity(E),
Poisson ratio(v),
Thickness( t )
Membrane
U1
Node 1
R3
U2
U1
Node 3
R3
U2
U1
Node 4
R3
U2
U1
Node 2
U2
3 2
1
The Complete Membrane Element
ACECOMS
Using Incomplete Membrane Elements
Multiple elements greater accuracy in determination of stress distribution and
allow easy modeling of openings
Using Incomplete Membrane only
(No Moment continuity with Beams)
Using with Beams and or
Columns are Required
(Full Moment continuity
with Beams and Columns)
ACECOMS
Using Complete Membrane Elements
Multiple elements greater accuracy in determination of stress distribution and
allow easy modeling of openings
Using Complete Membrane only
(Moment continuity
with Beams automatically provided)
Using with Beams, Columns
is NOT Required
(Full Moment continuity
with Beams and Columns)
ACECOMS
Connecting Walls to Slab
In general the mesh in the slab should
match with mesh in the wall to
establish connection
Some software automatically
establishes connectivity by using
constraints or Zipper elements
Zipper Zipper
ACECOMS
Using Trusses to Model Shear Walls
The behavior of shear walls can be closely approximated by

truss models:
The vertical elements provide the axial-flexural resistance
The diagonal elements provide the shear resistance
Truss models are derived from the strut-tie concepts
This model represents the cracked state of the wall where all
tension is taken by ties and compression by concrete
ACECOMS
2
5
10
Truss Model for Shear Walls
Comparing Deformation and
Deflections of Shell Model with
Truss Model
ACECOMS
Truss Model for Shear Walls
2
5
10
Comparing Deformation and
Deflections of Shell Model
with Truss Model
ACECOMS
2
5
10
Truss Models for Shear Walls
Comparing Axial Stress and Axial
Force Patterns
ACECOMS
2
5
10
Truss Models for Shear Walls
Uniaxial Biaxial
ACECOMS
How to Construct Truss Models
For the purpose of analysis, assume the
main truss layout based on wall width and
floor levels
Initial member sizes can be estimated as t x
2t for main axial members and t x t for
diagonal members
Use frame elements to model the truss. It is
not necessary to use truss elements
Generally single diagonal is sufficient for
modeling but double diagonal may be used
for easier interpretation of results
The floor beams and slabs can be connected
directly to truss elements
C C
t t
B B
t x 2t t x 2t
t x t
ACECOMS
Very Large Openings
may convert the Wall
to Frame
Very Small Openings
may not alter wall
behavior
Openings in Shear Walls
Medium Openings
may convert shear
wall to Pier and
Spandrel System
Pier Pier
Spandrel
Column
Beam
Wall
ACECOMS
Openings in Shear Walls - Cellular
2
5
ACECOMS
Openings in Shear Walls - Planer
ACECOMS
Modeling Walls with Opening
Plate-Shell Model Rigid Frame Model Truss Model
ACECOMS
Frame Model of Shear Walls
3 DOF
per rigid zone
Rigid Zones
Beams
Columns
A: Shear Wall with Line Loads B: Finite Element Model
C: Define Beams &Columns D: Beam-Column Model
Based on Concept proposed by E.L. Wilson
ACECOMS
Using Beam-Column to Model Shear Walls
4-Node plane element may not accurately capture the linear
bending, because constant shear distribution is assumed in
formulation but actually shear stress distribution is parabolic
Since the basic philosophy of RC design is based on cracked
sections, it is not possible to use the finite elements results directly
for design
Very simple model (beam-column) which can also captures the
behavior of the structure, The results can be used directly to design
the concrete elements.
ACECOMS
Shear Wall Design Meshing
Shell Deformations:
Three types of deformation that a single shell element
could experience
A single shell element in the program captures shear
and axial deformations well.
But a single shell element is unable to capture bending
deformation.
ACECOMS
Modeling Shear Walls Using Shell Elements
A-1
Plates with Columns
and Beams
A-2
Plates with
Beams
A-3
Plates with
Columns
A-4
Plates Only
ACECOMS
Modeling Shear Walls Using Beam Elements
B-1
Single Bracing
B-2
Double Bracing
B-3
Column with
Rigid Zones
B-4
Columns with
Flexible Zones
ACECOMS
Comparison of Behavior
A-1 A-2 A-3 B-4 B-1 B-2 B-3 B-4
ACECOMS
Comparison of Behavior (5 Floors)
B4 B4
B4
B1 B1
A1 A1
A1
B1
ACECOMS
B4 B4
B4
B1 B1
A1 A1
A1
B1
ACECOMS
B4 B4
B4
B1 B1
A1 A1
A1
B1
ACECOMS
Effect of Shear Wall Location
ACECOMS
Modeling of Shear Walls
In ETABS
Modeling of Shear Walls
In ETABS
ACECOMS
Shear Wall Design Using ETABS
Zoning
Pier
Spandrel and
Boundary Zone
Labeling
Pier
Spandrel
Section Types
Simplified Section (C, T or Linear)
Uniform reinforcing section
General Sections
Special Considerations/Concepts:
ACECOMS
Wall Meshing and Load Transfer:
Appropriate Meshing and labeling of Shear Walls is the key to

proper modeling and design of walls
No automatic meshing is available for walls (only manual)
Loads are only transferred to walls at the corner points of the

area objects that make up the wall
Generally the Membrane or Shell type Elements should be used

to model walls
ACECOMS
Wall Meshing:
Piers and spandrels where bending deformations are significant

(slender piers and spandrels), need to mesh the pier or spandrel into
several elements
If the aspect ratio of a pier or spandrel one shell element is worse than 3
to 1, consider additional meshing of the element to adequately capture the
bending deformation
ACECOMS
Shear Wall Design Pier Zones
Pier labels are assigned to vertical area
objects (walls) and to vertical line objects
(columns)
Objects that are associated with the same
story level and have the same pier label are
considered to be part of the same pier.
Must assign a pier element a label before
you can get output forces for the element or
before you can design the element.
Pier Zone Labeling (Naming/Grouping)
ACECOMS
A single wall pier cannot extend over
multiple stories
Wall pier forces are output at the top and
bottom of wall pier elements
Wall pier design is only performed at
stations located at the top and bottom of
wall pier elements.
ACECOMS
Piers Labeling Examples
ACECOMS
General Comments on Case d:
All of the area objects given the same
label P1
Design is performed across the entire
wall at each story level
Wall forces would be provided for the
entire wall at each story level
Combined reinforcement is reported at
the top and bottom of each floor (3-5
area objects)
Section for Design
at II Floor Top
ACECOMS
General Comments on Case a:
Common way to label piers
At the upper level, Pier P1 is defined to
extend all the way across the wall
above the openings.
Pier P2 makes up the wall pier to the
left of the door opening.
Pier P3 occurs between the door and
window openings.
Pier P4 occurs between the window
opening and the edge of the wall.
Pier P5 occurs below the window
opening between the door and the
edge of the wall. A similar labeling of
piers occurs at the
lower level.
ACECOMS
General Comments on Case a (Common Way):
At the upper level, Pier P1 is defined to
extend all the way across the wall above the
openings.
Pier P2 makes up the wall pier to the left of
the door opening.
Pier P3 occurs between the door and
window openings.
Pier P4 occurs between the window
opening and the edge of the wall.
Pier P5 occurs below the window opening
between the door and the edge of the wall.
A similar labeling of piers occurs at the
lower level.
ACECOMS
General Comments on Case a (Common Way):
Design pier
1
Design pier 2
Design pier 3
Design pier 4
Output for Each Pier
Sections
ACECOMS
Shear Wall Design Spandrel Zones
Spandrel labels are assigned to vertical area
objects (walls) and to horizontal line objects
(beams)
Unlike pier elements, a single wall spandrel
element can be made up of objects from two (or
more) adjacent story levels
Must assign a spandrel element a label before you

can get output forces for the element or before you
can design the element
Spandrel Zone Labeling (Naming/Grouping)
ACECOMS
ACECOMS
Wall spandrel forces are output at the left and
right ends of wall spandrel Elements
Wall spandrel design is only performed at
stations located at the left and right ends of
wall spandrel elements
Multiple wall spandrel labels cannot be assigned
to a single area object.
Spandrels or Headers
ACECOMS
Examples: Spandrel Labeling
ACECOMS
Concrete Shear Wall Design
Fully integrated wall pier and spandrel

design
ACI, UBC and Canadian Codes
Design for static and dynamic loads
Automatic integration of forces for piers

and spandrel
ACECOMS
Shear Wall Design
Design based on :
Equilibrium Conditions
Strain Compatibility Principle
Linear Strain Variation
ACECOMS
Interaction Surface for Shear Walls
Mx
My
P
ACECOMS
Concrete Shear Wall Design
2D wall pier design and boundary-member checks
2D wall spandrel design
3D wall pier check for provided reinforcement
Graphical Section Designer for concrete rebar location
Graphical display of reinforcement and stress ratios
Interactive design and review
Summary and detailed reports including database formats

ACECOMS
Shear Wall - Typical Design Process
1. While modeling define Shear Wall elements
2. Choose the Shear Wall design code and review other
related preferences and revise them if necessary
3. Assign pier and spandrel labels

3. Run the building analysis
4. Assign overwrites
5. Select Design Combos
6. Start Designing Walls
ACECOMS
Shear Wall - Typical Design Process
7. View Design Input and Output Information
8. Design the Member Interactively
9. Print Design Report
10.Change Design Section if Required
11. Re-run Design and Re-analyze if needed
12. Repeat the Above Cycle
ACECOMS
Shear Wall Design Output
ACECOMS
ACECOMS
ACECOMS
ACECOMS
The Basic Issues
What is a Shear Wall?
Modeling and analysis issues
Transfer of loads to shear walls
Modeling of shear walls in 2D
Modeling of shear Walls in 3D
Interaction of shear-walls with frames

Design and detaining issues
Determination of rebars for flexure
Determination of rebars for shear
Detailing of rebars near openings and corners
Design and detailing of connection between various components

of cellular shear walls
ACECOMS
Or
Avoid Eccentricity in Plan
ACECOMS
Reduce In-plane Bending in Floor
ACECOMS
Vertical Irregularity
Expansio
n Joint
Balanced Shear
Walls at All Levels
No Shear Walls
Using Expansion
Joints to eliminate
some walls
ACECOMS
Using Efficient Building Plan Shape
Design of Shear Walls Design of Shear Walls
ACECOMS
2
5
10
Axial Stresses in Planer Walls
ACECOMS
2
5
10
Axial Stresses in Cellular Walls
Uniaxial Bending
ACECOMS
2
5
10
Axial Stresses in Cellular Walls
Biaxial Bending
ACECOMS
Getting Result from Frame Model
Design actions (P, Mx, My and V) are obtained directly
Vx Vx
Vy Vy
P P
Mx Mx
My My
V V
P P
M M
ACECOMS
Getting Results from Truss Model
C
T
D
Tension
Member
Compression
Member
V V
P P
M M
) cos(
) sin(
) sin(
D V
x D Cx Tx M
D C T P
d c t
+ +
+ +
xc xc xt xt
xd xd
ACECOMS
Getting Results From Shell Model
f1, f2, ..fn are the nodal stresses at
section A-A , obtained from analysis
CL of wall
A A
n
i
i i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
i i i
v A V
x F M
F P
f A F
1
1
1
f1
f2
f3
f4
f5
C
T
1
x
x1
t
V V
P P
M M
ACECOMS
Interaction Curves - Uniaxial
The curve is generated by varying
the neutral axis depth
]
]
]
+
]
]
]
zi
N
i
si
z A
c ny
N
i
si
A
c nx
d A f dz da f M
A f da f N
si
b
si
b
1
1
. ) (
) (

Safe Safe
Un-safe Un-safe
ACECOMS
Interaction Surface - Biaxial
The surface is
generated by
changing Angle and
Depth of Neutral Axis
Safe
Un-safe
( )
( )
( )
]
]
]
]
+
]
]
]
]
+
]
]
]
]
... ) , (
1
... . ,
1
... ) , (
1
... . ,
1
... ) , (
1
... ,
1
1 2 1
3
1 2 1
2
1 2 1
1
i
n
i
i i
x y
y
i
n
i
i i
x y
x
x y
n
i
i i z
x y x A x dy dx y x M
y y x A y dy dx y x M
y x A dy dx y x N
ACECOMS
Interaction Surface and Curves
ACECOMS
Narrow Planner Walls
The capacity is almost completely un-
axial
Moment capacity can be increased by
providing Rebars at the corners
ACECOMS
Cellular Wall No Opening
The capacity is
almost completely
biaxial
ACECOMS
Single Cell Walls
ACECOMS
Double Cell Walls
ACECOMS
Designing as Axial Zones
ACECOMS
Axial Zone Model Planer Wall
ACECOMS
Axial Zones for Box Wall
ACECOMS
Shear Design Shear Design
Spandre
l
Pier
ACECOMS
Shear Design of Pier
Determine Concrete shear

capacity, Vc
Check if Vc exceeds the limit, if

it does, section needs to be
revised
Determine steel Rebars for

Vs=V-Vc
Check additional steel for

seismic requirements
p
L
p
t
ACECOMS
ACI Equations for Pier Design
( )
( )
p
p u
p p c LW c
L
L . P
L . t f R . V
4
8 0
8 0 3 3
( )
p p
p
u
u
p p
u
c LW p
c LW c
L . t
L
V
M
Abs
t L
P
. f R . L
f R . V 8 0
2
2 0 25 1
6 0
]
]
]
]
]
]
]
,
`
.
|
,
`
.
|

+
( )
( )
p ys
c
u
v
L . f
V
V Abs
A
8 0
( )
( )
p p c LW
u
L . t f R
V Abs
8 0 10
Basic Concrete Shear Capacity

Concrete not to Exceed the limit
Area of Steel Computed as
ACECOMS
Shear Design for Spandrel
top r
d
bot r
d
a
c
s
h
s
t
s
h
s
L
Elevation
Section
Determine Concrete shear

capacity, Vc
Check if Vc exceeds the limit, if

it does, section needs to be
revised
Determine steel Rebars for

Vs=V-Vc
Check additional steel for

seismic requirements
ACECOMS
ACI Equations for Spandrel Design
s s c LW c
d t f R V
2
c
u
c n s
V
V
V V V
s s c LW s
d t f R V 8
s ys
s
v
d f
V
A
Basic Concrete Shear Capacity
Concrete not to Exceed the limit
Area of Steel Computed as
Check for minimum steel and spacing etc.
ACECOMS
ACI Equations for Spandrel Design
5 >
s
s
d
L
When
and
c
u
V .
V
5 0 >
0
50
min h
ys
s
min v
A
f
t
A
When
5 >
s
s
d
L
and c
u
V .
V
5 0
0
min h min v
A A
When
5 2
s
s
d
L
Check
s s c LW
s
s u
d t f R
d
L V
,
`
.
|
+ 10
3
2
s min h
s min v
t . A
t . A
0025 0
0015 0
ACECOMS
Notations for Shear Design
top r
d
bot r
d
s
h
s
t
= Thickness of Spandrel
= Distance from top of spandrel to the centroid of top reinforcing
= Distance from bottom of spandrel to the centroid of bottom reinforcing
= Total depth of spandrel
LW
R
= Shear reduction factor as specified in the concrete material properties for
light weight concrete.
s
d
= Effective depth of spandrel
s
V
= Portion of Shear force in spandrel carried by reinforcing steel
c
V
= Portion of Shear force in spandrel carried by concrete
s
L = Length of Spandrel
ACECOMS
Wall Section
Place more reinforcement at the ends and distribute the remaining in the
middle portion
Confine the Rebars at the end for improved ductility and increased
moment capacity
Option -1 Option -1
Option -2 Option -2
Option -3 Option -3
ACECOMS
Effect of Rebar Layout
Moment Capacity for 1% Rebars
a) Uniform Distribution
b) Concentrated Bars
Max M= 380
Max M= 475
Nearly 25% increase for same steel
ACECOMS
Wall Section
Place more reinforcement at

the corners and distribute
the remaining in the middle
portion
Confine the Rebars at the

corners for improved
ductility and increased
moment capacity
Provide U-Bars at the

corners for easier
construction and improved
laps
ACECOMS
Effect of Rebar Layout
Moment Capacity for 1% Rebars
a) Uniform Distribution
b) Concentrated Bars
Nearly 20% increase for same steel
Max M= 16500
Max M= 19600
ACECOMS
Rebar Detailing For Openings
Slenderness
of Columns
Slenderness
of Columns
ACECOMS
Complexity in the Column Design
S h a p e
L o a d i n g
L e n g t h
V
. L
o
n
g
L
o
n
g
S
h
o
r
t
P
P M
x
P M
x
M
y
M o s t S i m p l e
P r o b l e m
Shape Shape
Complexity Complexity
Load Complexity Load Complexity
Slenderness Slenderness
ACECOMS
What is Slenderness Effect
What is Slenderness Effect
I
II
Column Capacity (P-M)
M
P
Moment
Amplification
Capacity
Reductio
n
II : M
c
= P(e + )
Long Column
P
e
f(M
c
)
C
I. M
c
= P.e
Short Column
P
e
C
ACECOMS
Factors Effecting Slenderness Effect
Effective Length
Actual Length
End Framing and Boundary Conditions
Lateral Bracing Conditions
Effective Stiffness
Cross-sections Dimensions and Proportions
Reinforcement amount and Distribution
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete and Steel
Creep and Sustained Loads
Loads
Axial Load
End Moments and Moments along the Length
ACECOMS
s s ns ns m
M M M +
1
75 . 0
1
1
)
5 . 1
0 . 1
1
1
)
0
>
c
u
s
s
c u
u
s
P
P
b
then If
l V
P
a
C
u
m
ns
P
P
C
75 . 0
1

Larger Sway Moment
Larger Non- Sway Moment
Final
Design
Moment
ACI Moment Magnification Summary
2
2
) (
) (
U
C
Kl
EI
P
4 . 0
2
1
4 . 0 6 . 0 +
M
M
C
m

ACECOMS
What is Sway
Sway is dependent upon the structural configuration

as well as type of loading
For Non-sway Frames (Very rigid or braced)
For Sway Frames (Open frames, not braced,

Depends on loads also)
0 . 1
0 . 1
ns
s
0 . 1
0 . 1
ns
s
Non Sway Sway May be Sway

ACECOMS
Appreciable relative moment of two ends of column

c
B T
l
Sway

0
05 . 1 )
05 . 0 )
6 )
0
<
<
>
M
M
c
l V
P
E b
EI EI a
m
C U
U
Columns walls Bracing
B
l
c
What is Sway
Sway Limits
Frame considered
as Non-Sway

ACECOMS
Braced Column (Non-Sway)

More on Sway
Unbraced Column (Sway)
Most building columns may be considered Non-Sway for gravity loads
More than 40% of columns in buildings are Non-Sway for lateral loads
Moment Magnification for Sway case is more significant, more complicated and more important

ACECOMS
Calculation of
ns
(Non-Sway)
C
u
m
ns
P
P
C
75 . 0
1

Moment curvature
Coefficient
Applied column load
2
2
) (
) (
U
C
Kl
EI
P
Critical buckling load

Effective Length Factor
Flexural Stiffness
ACECOMS
The C
m
Factor
M1 is the smaller End Moment
M2 is the larger End Moment
M1/M2
Positive
M1/M2
Negative
M
1
M
2
M
2
M
1
The Moment and Stress
Amplification Factors are
derived on the basis of pin-
ended columns with single
moment curvature.
(C
m
= 1.0)
For other Moment Distribution,
the correction factor C
m
needs
to be computed to modify the
stress amplification.
C
m
= 0.4 to 1.0
4 . 0
2
1
4 . 0 6 . 0 +
M
M
C
m
ACECOMS
More about C
m
Factor
M
1
= -M M
1
= 0 M
1
=M M
1
=0
M
2
= M M
2
= M M
2
= M M
2
= M
1
2
1

M
M
0
2
1
M
M
1
2
1
M
M
0
2
1
M
M
M
1
M
2
M
1
M
1
M
1
M
2
M
2
M
2
Cm = 1.0 Cm = 0.6 Cm = 0.2 Cm = 0.6
ACECOMS
Effective Length Factor, K
To account for Axial-Flexural Buckling
Indicates the total bent length of column between

inflection points
Can vary from 0.5 to Infinity
Most common range 0.75 to 2.0

0.5 1.0
2.0
0.5 - 1.0
1.0 -
ACECOMS
Determination of K
Members Part of Framed Structure
Increases K Increase G G K
Beams L EI
Columns L EI
G
C
,
) / (
) / (
2 1
20
20
< +
m m
m
G for G
G
K
2 ) 1 ( 9 . 0 +
m m
G for G K
0 . 1 05 . 0 85 . 0
0 . 1 ) ( 05 . 0 7 . 0
+
+ +
m
B T
G k
G G K
Unbraced
Frames
Braced
Frames
(smaller of)
B T m
B
T
G and G of Minimum G
End Bottom G
End Top G
ACECOMS
Determination of K
Isolated Members
Fix Pin Free
Fix
0.5 0.8 2.0
Pin
0.8 1.0 Unstable
Free
2.0 Unstable Unstable
B
o
t
t
o
m

E
n
d
Top End
ACECOMS
More about Factor K
Increases K Increase K
Beams l EI
Columns l EI
C
,
) / (
) / (

How about I Gross? Cracked? Effective?

ACI Rules Beams I = 0.35 Ig, Column I = 0.7Ig
) (
) (
2 1
2 1
B B
C C
T
I I E
I I E
Example
+
+

E for column and beams may be different
C2
C3
C1
B1
B2
B4
B3
Lc
ACECOMS
Determination of Stiffness EI
Attempt to include,
Cracking, Variable E, Creep effect
Geometric and material non linearity
I
g
= Gross Moment of Inertia
I
se
= Moment of Inertia of rebars

d
= Effect of creep for sustained loads. = P
ud
/P
u
d
g C
d
se s g C
I E
or
I E I E
EI
+
+
1
4 . 0
1
2 . 0
12
3
bh
I
g
2
. b b se
y A I
h
b
Ab
y
b
ACECOMS
C U
U
l V
P
Q
0

( ) average height storey Clear l

V V V V
P P P P
C
U U U U
B T
U U U U
+ +

+ +
.......
......
3 2 1
0
3 2 1
P
U1
P
U2
P
U3
P
U4
V
U1
V
U1
V
U1
V
U1
B
l
C
Case Sway Q
case sway Non Q If
: 05 . 0
: 05 . 0
>

Slenderness procedure for Buildings
ACECOMS
BS Moment Magnification
Basic Equation for Slender Columns

u i m
Na M M +
Initial Moment form
elastic analysis
M
add
, Additional
moment due to
deflection
ACECOMS
Kh a
a u

1
bal uz
uz
N N
N N
K
2
2000
1
,
`
.
|
b
l
e
a
Calculation of Deflection a
u
Smaller dimension
Effective Length = l
o
(From Table 3.21 and 3.22)
Load correction factor
Column Dimension
along deflection
Length Correction Factor
Applied column load
Axial Capacity for M = 0
Axial capacity at balanced
conditions
y sc c cu uz
f A A f N 95 . 0 45 . 0 +
ACECOMS
Some Special Cases
M
P
V
M
ACECOMS
Some Special Cases
P
L
Le = ?
h1
d
(a)
L1
L2
(b)
L1
L2
(c)
L1
h2
(d)
h1
Soft
Hard
(e)
V
P

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Behavior, Modeling and Design

of Shear Wall-Frame Systems

Modeling and analysis issues

Transfer of loads to shear walls

Modeling of shear walls in 2D

Modeling of shear Walls in 3D

Interaction of shear-walls with frames

Design and detaining issues

Determination of rebars for flexure

Determination of rebars for shear

Detailing of rebars near openings and corners

Design and detailing of connection between various commonest of

Due to misleading name Shear Wall

The dominant mode of failure is shear

Strength is controlled by shear

Designed is governed primarily by shear

Force distribution can be based on relative stiffness

Predominantly in a shear mode

Source of lateral resistance is the rigidity of beam-column/slab joints

Shear Wall Deform

Essentially in bending mode

Shear deformations are rarely significant

Behave mostly like a slender cantilever

Designed to resist the combined effect of axial, bending and

The shear wall deform predominantly in bending mode

The common assumptions to neglect the frames in lateral load

Consideration of shear wall-frame interaction leads to a more

The shear walls should be designed to resist the combined effect of

The beam up to the edge of the

Difficult to extend the concept to

Core Wall must be converted to

Can be used in 2D analysis but more

After the core wall is converted to

Walls are subjected to in-plane deformations so 2D elements

A coarse mesh can be used to capture the overall stiffness and

A fine mesh should be used to capture in-plane bending or

General Shell Element or Membrane Elements can be used to

The behavior of shear walls can be closely approximated by

The vertical elements provide the axial-flexural resistance

The diagonal elements provide the shear resistance

Truss models are derived from the strut-tie concepts

Appropriate Meshing and labeling of Shear Walls is the key to

No automatic meshing is available for walls (only manual)

Loads are only transferred to walls at the corner points of the

Generally the Membrane or Shell type Elements should be used

Piers and spandrels where bending deformations are significant

Must assign a spandrel element a label before you

Fully integrated wall pier and spandrel

ACI, UBC and Canadian Codes

Design for static and dynamic loads

Automatic integration of forces for piers

2D wall pier design and boundary-member checks

2D wall spandrel design

3D wall pier check for provided reinforcement

Graphical Section Designer for concrete rebar location

Graphical display of reinforcement and stress ratios

Interactive design and review

Summary and detailed reports including database formats

Transfer of loads to shear walls

Modeling of shear walls in 2D

Modeling of shear Walls in 3D

Interaction of shear-walls with frames