Optical Fiber Cable

Optical Fiber Cable Construction & Splicing
Telecom Staff College Haripur
Course Objectives
By the end of course the participants will have thorough knowledge of:
Composition of Optical Fiber Cable Modes of transmission Optical Fiber Cable splicing OTDR principle Hands-on practice of OTDR
Telecom Staff College, Haripur
Course Contents
What we will cover in this course:
Fiber Principle
Types of fiber Multimode fiber Single mode fiber Fiber standards and recommendation
Optical Fiber - Introduction

An optical fiber is a dielectric wave guide that operates at optical frequencies (near & far infrared) It is normally cylindrical in shape It confines electromagnetic energy in the form of light with in its surfaces and guides it in a direction parallel to its axis
Optical Fiber - Material

Optical Fiber is made up of silicon dioxide Dopants Ge (Germanium) F (Fluorine) and B (Boron) are added to produce two similar materials having a slightly different indices of refraction for core and cladding Silicon (sio2) used in Glass Fiber Plastic Fiber: Plastic used (core glass) or ( cladd Plastic) Floured Fiber: Improved type of glass fibre (Core and cladd are same Material)
Optical Fiber - Structure
10
Types Of Optical Fiber
Mode Wise
Index Wise
SM
MM
Step index
Graded index
Optical Fiber Construction

1- Core (5 to 10 micro meter dia) 2- Cladding (125 micro meter dia) 3- Jacket (250 micro meter dia)
MM Optical Fiber - Construction

1- Core (50 to 60 micro meter dia) 2- Cladding (125 micro meter dia) 3- Jacket (250 micro meter dia)
Optical Fiber Cable - Applications

Public and Private Telecommunication Lines Computer network (LAN , WAN ) Television distribution network (CATV) Military network (SCO) Control , remote control and Signalizing network Video supervision lines
Optical Fiber Cable Advantages

1- Non Conductivity No grounding is necessary because of metal free cable 2-Large Wide Bandwidth Suitable for high speed.wide-band,large-capacity telecommunication lines 3-Low Loss: Because of low loss, few or no amplifiers are necessary. 4-very Light Weight: The smallest cables can be designed and manufactured, therefore reduce pulling strength and reduce Laying cost.
Optical Fiber Cable Advantages

5-Economics: The most economical solution for the simultaneous transmission of servile multi channel users. 6-No cross Talk Being non-inductive there is no induction of signal into/from other circuits so that possibility of cross talk is virtually eliminated. 7-Many channel Capacity 8-Easy installation 9-Small size
Optical Fiber Cable Disadvantages

1-Cost Although availability of raw material is guaranteed, the manufacture of Optical Fibre extremely difficult and involves complete set up for heat and chemical treatment of sio2 to reach the desired purity required to producing Optical Fibre. 2-Remote Power Feeding Power of operation of regenerators cannot be transmitted on Optical Fibre (Dielectric nature).Additional arrangements are to be made for this purpose e.g use of stand by batteries, solar power panels etc. 3-Mechanical Problems
Optical Fiber Cable Disadvantages

4-Non-Linear characteristics of Optical converters The electrical and optical characteristics of optical converters are non-linear,which results in extra noise, loss of power, coupling efficiency of optical sources, conversion efficiency of optical devices etc. 5-Hazards with lasers These radiations are extremely dangerous. Their exposure to eyes or skin can cause irreparable damage. Necessity of safety precautions must be taken working with the optical fibre system.
OF Cable - ITU Recommendations

ITU Rec. G.650 Definitions & tasting methods for SM fiber ITU Rec. G.651 Multimode optical fiber ITU Rec. G.652 Single mode optical fiber ITU Rec. G.653 Dispersion-shifted single mode optical fiber only used for JAPAN ITU 793-2 Product specifications, optical fiber ITU Rec G.654&G.655 Sub marine Optical fiber
CABLE
Types of Optical Fiber Cable

1- Indoor Cable 2- Rack cable (flexible, often single fibre, patch cords, pig-tails) 3- Direct buried cable 4- Duct cable (Loose fibres in tube & Slotted core ) 5- Aerial cable (Self-supporting wire) 6- Submarine cable 7- Ribbon fibre cable
Types of Optical Fiber Cable

O.F cable is available in three forms:
1. 2. 3.
1.
Slotted core cable Loose tube cable Loose tube slotted core cable Olex cable (18 fibre slotted core number of slot 6) Fujikura cable (18 fibre slotted core number slot 10) Siemen cable (12 fibre loose tube) LT Engineering cable (18,12,6 fibre loose tube and Loose tube with slotted core)
Optical fibre cable used in Pakistan

2. 3. 4.
Optical Fiber Cable Construction

Direct buried O.F cable (OLEX)
Inner PE Sheath Strength Member
Armoring Wire Outer PE Sheath
Steel Tap Middle PE Sheath
Slotted Core
Fibres

Duct buried O.F cable
Strength Member
Outer PE Sheath
Slotted Core
Tube Fibres

Direct buried O.F cable

18-Fiber optical fiber cable consturion
Submarine Optical Fiber Cable Construction
Steel Tap
Inner PE Sheath Strength Member
Armoring Wire Outer PE Sheath Armoring Wire Middle PE Sheath
Tubes Fibers
Aerial Optical Fiber Cable Construction
Optical Fiber Cable Color Scheme

OLEX O.F cable
Slot No 1= Slot No 2= Slot No 3= Slot No 4= Slot No 5= Slot No 6= White-Blue-Orange-Green White-Blue-Orange-Green White-Blue White-Blue-Orange-Green White-Blue-Orange-Green Empty

FUJIKURA O.F cable
Slot No 1 = Slot No 2 = Slot No 3 = Slot No 4 = Slot No 5 = Slot No 6 = Slot No 7 = Slot No 8= Slot No 9 = Slot No 10 = White-Blue White-Yellow White-Green White-Red White-Violet White-Brown Red-Blue Red-Yellow Red-Green Empty

ERICSSON O.F cable
Slot No 1= Slot No 2= Slot No 3= Slot No 4= Slot No 5= Slot No 6= White-Blue-Red-Green White-Blue-Red-Green White-Blue-Red-Green White-Blue-Red-Green White-Blue-Red-Green White-Blue-Red-Green

LT O.F cable
Tube Colour Blue Orange White White White White
=
Fiber Colour Brown-Green Brown-Green Brown-Green Brown-Green-Orange-Yellow Brown-Green-Orange-Yellow Brown-Green-Orange-Yellow
= = = = = =

New Color Scheme of LT OF Cable
Tube Colour Blue Orange White White White White
=
= = = = = =
Fiber Colour Blue-Orange Blue-Orange Blue-Orange Blue-Orange- Brown-Green Blue-Orange- Brown-Green Blue-Orange- Brown-Green
Cable Preparation For Joint
Fiber Splicing
Introduction Preparation of fiber for splicing Mechanical splicing Fusion splicing Introduction to FSM 50S Practices (using FSM 50S)
Why Do We Need to Splice?

Restoration s Acceptance testing
Installation constraints & limitations & changes Adds, moves
Good Splice Requirements

1 2 3 4 Fiber core-to-core alignment Splice protector Splice tray 0.3 dB max loss
Types of Splicing.
splicing: 1 2
There are two main types of Fusion splicing Mechanical splicing
Fusion Splicing
Fusion Splicing is Permanent splicing Loss of Fusion Splicing is = 0.02 to 0.05 Three main steps are involved in fusion splicing. 1. Stripping: Remove the jacket with the help of stripper at the length of 4.5cm to 5cm or 45mm to 50mm.
2.Cleaning: Clean the Fiber with the help of solvent(acetone) and gauze piece or tissue paper. 3.Cleaving: Cleave the strip and clean Fiber with the help of cleaver at the angle of 90 and length after cleaving 20mm.
Splice Protectors
Heat shrink sleeves.
Ribbon fusion splice protection sleeves. Buffer fly sleeve. Green = Pigtail to pigtail Yellow = pigtail Blue = fiber Fiber to Fiber to
Process During Fusion Splicing
REMOVING JACKET AND CUTTING

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AFFIXING IN POSITIONING DEVICE
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ALIGNING, SPLICING IN LIGHT ARC RAW SPLICE
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MOUNTING OF PROTECTION SLEEVE PROTECTED SPLICE
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Mechanical Splicing
Mechanical Splicing is Temporary splicing Loss of Mechanical Splicing is = 0.2 to 0.5 main steps are involved in Mechanical Three splicing. 1. Stripping: 45 to 50 mm 2.Cleaning With Acetone 3.Cleaving: Cleave the strip and clean Fiber with the help of cleaver at the angle of 90 and length after cleaving 10mm.
Mechanical Splicing
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Strip, clean & cleave Align it in V-groove Apply index matching gel Hold in position either by epoxy resin or by mechanical clips Fix the splice
Different Types of Mechanical Splice

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. V-block splice Three rod splice Fibre ribbon splice The AT&T splice Single rod splice Light Bridge splice
Different Types of Mechanical Splice
Mechanical vs. Fusion Splicing

Mechanical splice loss is 0.2 to 0.5 db. Fusion splice loss is from 0.02 to 0.05 db.
Conclusion:
Since Mechanical splice loss is ten times more than Fusion splice so Fusion splice is preferred.
SAFETY
Optical Fiber and LASER Light Safety

Safety issues relevant to operation and maintenance staff involved in optical fiber systems fall into one of three categories: - Laser light Sources - Handling of bare optical fiber ends - Hazardous Chemicals
LASER LIGHT SOURCES

This includes both optical line transmission equipment and Optical test equipment. A laser can cause damage to human tissue either on the surface of the skin or in and around the eyes. - The Eyes - Laser Safety Requirements - Laser safety Procedures - Some General Rules on Laser Safety
The Eyes
The eyes, being a very sensitive part of the human body, can Be very susceptible to the hazards of laser light.
Laser Safety Requirements

Only staff who have attended an optical fiber training course And had their eyes tested may install, test and optical fiber cables.
Laser Safety Procedure

-Ensure that the power is turned off at both ends of the section while the optical fiber cable is being worked on. -Under no circumstances should an optical fiber or connector
OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE

That is connected to an optical source, be viewed directly with the eye or be directed at the skin. - In some circumstances it may be necessary to test fusion slices in conjunction with jointing operations. Under no circumstance Must a light signal from an OTDR) be transmitted through a fiber Until jointing staff have completed splicing operations on the fiber And have notified the testing Officer that it is safe to do so.
Some General Rules on Laser Safety Never look into the beam of a transmitting laser, either via the output port of equipment or the end of a connected fiber
Initially assume that all fiber and equipment is active in transmitting light.
Optical connectors should always be held at least 300mm from the eye, etc.
HANDLING OF THE BARE FIBERS

Bare fibers should be treated with more care than handling a piece of broken glass in the home If optical fiber glass accidentally penetrates the skin, it probably remain there and eventually infect the area around it However in extreme cases it could potentially end up in the blood stream, which would be extremely dangerous.
HANDLING OF THE BARE FIBERS

Always dispose of broken fibers or fiber. Off cuts in receptacle designated for this purpose i.e. fiber bin. Do not throw bare fiber in a waste disposal bin or on the floor. Always wash hands thoroughly after handling optical fiber, especially when eating food. Never touch the end of a bare fiber

Optical Fiber Cable

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Optical Fiber Cable

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Optical Fiber Cable Construction & Splicing

Telecom Staff College Haripur

Telecom Staff College, Haripur

Telecom Staff College, Haripur

Optical Fiber - Introduction

Telecom Staff College, Haripur

Optical Fiber - Material

Optical Fiber - Structure

Telecom Staff College, Haripur

Types Of Optical Fiber

Telecom Staff College, Haripur

Optical Fiber Construction

Telecom Staff College, Haripur

MM Optical Fiber - Construction

Telecom Staff College, Haripur