1-Owa200002 Wcdma Ran Fudamental

WCDMA RAN Fundamental
www.huawei.com
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Know the development of 3G Outline the advantage of CDMA principle Characterize code sequence Outline the fundamentals of RAN Describe feature of wireless propagation
Page2
Contents
1. 3G Overview 2. CDMA Principle 3. WCDMA Fundamental
Page3
Contents
Page4
Different Service, Different Technology

1G 1980s Analog
AMPS TACS NMT Others
2G 1990s Digital
GSM
Technologies drive
3G IMT-2000
CDMA IS-95 TDMA IS-136 PDC
UMTS WCDMA
Demands drive
cdma 2000 TDSCDMA
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page5
Different Service, Different Technology

1G 1980s Analog
AMPS TACS NMT Others
2G 1990s Digital
GSM
Technologies drive
3G IMT-2000
CDMA IS-95 TDMA IS-136 PDC
UMTS WCDMA
Demands drive
cdma 2000 TDSCDMA
3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

3G Evolution
Proposal of 3G
IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile communication system
The third generation mobile communication was first proposed in 1985 and was renamed as IMT-2000 in the year of 1996
Commercialization: around the year of 2000 Work band : around 2000MHz The highest service rate :up to 2000Kbps
Page7
3G Spectrum Allocation
Page8
Bands WCDMA Used
Main bands
1920 ~ 1980MHz / 2110 ~ 2170MHz 1850 ~ 1910 MHz / 1930 MHz ~ 1990 MHz (USA) 1710 ~ 1785MHz / 1805 ~ 1880MHz (Japan) 890 ~ 915MHz / 935 ~ 960MHz (Australia)
Supplementary bands: different country maybe different

Frequency channel number central frequency5, for main band:

UL frequency channel number 9612 9888 DL frequency channel number : 10562 10838
Page9
3G Application Service
BER
conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Time Delay
The Core technology of 3G: CDMA

WCDMA
CN: based on MAP and GPRS RTT: WCDMA - FDD/TDD
cdma2000
CN: based on ANSI 41 and MIP RTT: cdma2000
CDMA
TD-SCDMA
CN: based on MAP RTT: TD-SCDMA
Page11
WCDMA Protocol Version Evolution

MBMS HSUPA
GSM/GPRS CN WCDMA RTT
CS domain change to NGN WCDMA RTT
IMS HSDPA
3GPP Rel6
3GPP Rel5
3GPP Rel99
3GPP Rel4
2000
2001
2002
2005
Page12
WCDMA System Architecture

CN
RNS RNC Iur Core Network CS Iu-CS RNS RNC Iub Node B Iub Node B PS Iu-PS
UTRAN
Iub Node B
Iub Node B
Uu
UE
Protocol Mode for UTRAN Terrestrial Interface
The structure is based on the principle that the layers and planes are logically independent of each other.
Radio Network Layer Control Plane Application Protocol
Transport Network User Plane Transport Network Control Plane
User Plane Data Stream(s)

Transport Network User Plane
Transport Network Layer
ALCAP(s) Signalling Bearer(s) Signalling Bearer(s)

Physical Layer
Data Bearer(s)
Page14
Contents
Page15
Multiple Access and Duplex Technology
Multiple Access Technology
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) Time division multiple access (TDMA) Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Page16
Multiple Access Technology

FDMA TDMA
power
cy en qu fre
power
y nc ue q
tim
CDMA
tim e
fre
power
time
n freque
cy
Page17
Multiple Access and Duplex Technology
Duplex Technology
Frequency division duplex (FDD) Time division duplex (TDD)
Page18
Duplex Technology
Power Time
USER 2
FDD
UL
USER 1
DL
Frequency
Power
Time
DL UL DL DL UL
USER 2 USER 1
TDD
Frequency
Page19
Contents
Page20
Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

Transmitter
Servic e Signal Sourc e Codin g Chann el Coding Spreading Modulation Transmission
bit
symbo l
chip
modulated signal
Radio Channel
Servic e Signal
Source Decodin g
Channel Decodin g
Despreadi ng
Demodulati on
Reception
Receiver
Page21
Process Gain
Process Gain
chip rate Pr ocess Gain = 10 log( ) bit rate
Process gain differs for each service. If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller, UE needs more power for this service, then the coverage of this service will be smaller, vice versa.
Page22
WCDMA Source Coding
AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech
CODEC
Bit Rate (kbps)
A integrated speech codec with 8 source rates.

AMR_12.20 12.2 (GSM EFR)
The AMR bit rates can be controlled by the RAN depending on the system load and quality of the speech connections.
AMR_10.20 10.2
AMR_7.95 7.95
Video Phone Service
AMR_7.40 7.4 (CDMA EFR)
H.324 is used for VP Service in CS domain.

AMR_6.70 6.7 (PDC EFR) AMR_5.90 5.9 AMR_5.15 5.15 AMR_4.75 4.75
Includes: video codec, speech codec, data protocols, multiplexing and etc.
Page23
WCDMA Channel Coding
Effect
Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when interference occurs Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay
Types
No Coding Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3) Turbo Coding (1/3)

Code Block of N Bits No Coding Uncoded N bits Coded 2N+16 bits Coded 3N+24 bits Coded 3N+12 bits
Page24
1/2 Convolutional Coding 1/3 Convolutional Coding 1/3 Turbo Coding
WCDMA Interleaving
Effect
Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
Input bits 0010000 ... 10111
0 0 ... ... 0 0 0 ... ... 0
0 0 ... ... 1 1 0 ... ... 1
1 0 ... ... 1 0 0 ... ... 1
0 ... ... 1 1 0 ... ... 1 1
Interleaving periods: 10, 20, 40, or 80 ms
000101001011
Inter-column permutation
Output bits
Page25
Correlation

Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals. Identical and Orthogonal signals:
+1 -1 +1 -1 +1
C1 C2
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1
Correlation = 1 Identical signals
C1 C2
+1 -1 +1 +1 -1
-1 1 -1 1 Correlation = 0 1 1 1 1 Orthogonal signals -1 1 -1 1
Page26
Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding

UE1: UE2: 1 1 1 1
C1 : 1 1 C2 : 1 1 UE1c1 1 1 UE2c2 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
Page27
Orthogonal Code Usage Decoding

UE1C1 UE2C2: 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2
UE1 Dispreading by c1: 1 1 Dispreading result: 0 2 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 2
Integral judgment: (means 1)
4 (means 1) 4
UE2 Dispreading by c2: 1 1 1 1 1 1

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. 1 1 Page28
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading

P(f) Spreading code P(f)
f Narrowband signal
f Broadband signal
P(f) f Noise & Other Signal
Recovered signal P(f)
Signal Combination
Noise+Broadband signal P(f) f
Spreading code
Page29
Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Dispreading

Eb / No = Ec / Io PG
Powe r
Ebit
Eb/No Requirem ent
Max allowed interference
Processing Gain
Max interference caused by UE
Interference from other UE
Echip
Page30
Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps
Channelization operation, which transforms data symbols into chips Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal
Data bit
Chips after spreading
OVSF code
Scrambling code
Page31
WCDMA Channelization Code
OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) is used as channelization code

Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1) Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1) Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1) Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1, -1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1) Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1) Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
SF = 8
Page32
WCDMA Channelization Code
SF = chip rate / symbol rate
High data rates low SF code Low data rates high SF code
Radio bearer Speech 4.75 UL SF Radio bearer SF 256
128 Speech 4.75 DL
Speech 12.2 UL Data 64 kbps UL Data 128 kbps UL Data 144 kbps UL Data 384 kbps UL
64 Speech 12.2 DL 16 Data 64 kbps DL 8 Data 128 kbps DL 8 Data 144 kbps DL 4 Data 384 kbps DL
Page33
128 32 16 16 8
Purpose of Channelization Code
Channelization code is used to distinguish different physical channels of one transmitter
For downlink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different physical channels of one cell
For uplink, channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different physical channels of one UE
Page34
Purpose of Scrambling Code
Scrambling code is used to distinguish different transmitters
For downlink, Scrambling code is used to separate different cells
For uplink, scrambling code is used to separate different UE
Page35
Scrambling Code

Scrambling code: GOLD sequence. There are 224 long uplink scrambling codes which are used for scrambling of the uplink DPCCH/DPDCH. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers.
For downlink physical channels, 8192 scrambling codes are used.
Page36
Downlink Scrambling Code

Set 0 Scrambling codes for downlink physical channels Primary scrambling code 0 Secondary scrambling code 1
Set 1 Set 511
Secondary scrambling code 15 Primary scrambling code 511*16
8192 scrambling codes
512 sets
A primary scrambling code and 15 secondary scrambling codes are included in a set.
Secondary scrambling code 511*16+15
Primary Scrambling Code Group

Group 0 Primary scrambling code 0 Primary scrambling code 1 Primary scrambling code 8 Primary scrambling code 8*63
Primary scrambling codes for downlink physical channels
Group 1 Group 63
Primary scrambling code 8*63 +7
512 primary scrambling codes
64 primary scrambling code groups
Each group consists of 8 primary scrambling codes

Page38
Code Multiplexing
Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code Channelization code 1 User 1 signal Channelization code 2 User 2 signal Channelization code 3 User 3 signal
NodeB
Page39
Code Multiplexing
Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code 1 Channelization code User 1 signal Scrambling code 2 Channelization code User 2 signal Scrambling code 3 Channelization code User 3 signal
NodeB
Page40
Modulation Overview
Data to be transmitted: Digital Input
0
time
Basic steady radio wave: carrier = A.cos(2 Ft+ ) Amplitude Shift Keying: A.cos(2 Ft+ ) Frequency Shift Keying: A.cos(2 Ft+ ) Phase Shift Keying: A.cos(2 Ft+ )
Page41
Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - BPSK

1
1 0 1
1
Digital Input
10
Information signal
t
NRZ coding
1 -1
High Frequency Carrier
Carrier
fo
10
BPSK Waveform
=0 = =0
Modulated BPSK signal BPSK
Page42
Modulation Overview
Digital Modulation - QPSK

1 NRZ Input I di-Bit Stream Q di-Bit Stream 1 1 1 2 1 3 -1 -1 1 4 1 5 -1 -1 1 6 1 7 1 1 -1 8 -1 9 -1 -1 -1 10 -1
I Component Q Component
QPSK Waveform 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Page43
10
Modulation Overview
A NRZ coding Acos( ot) I(t)
fo
90o
QPSK
NRZ coding A
Q(t) Acos( ot + /2)
Q S :A 2 co + ) PK s( o
1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 /4 7 /4 3 /4 5 /4
Page44
Demodulation
QPSK Constellation Diagram

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
QPSK Waveform
1,1
-1,1
-1,1 1,-1 -1,-1
NRZ Output
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
Page45
WCDMA Modulation
Different modulation methods corresponding to different transmitting abilities in air interface

R99/R4: adopt QPSK HSDPA: adopt 16QAM
Page46
Wireless Propagation
Transmitted Signal
Amplitude
Transmission Loss: Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Received Signal
Time
Page47
Propagation of Radio Signal

2 0 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40
Signal at Transmitter
dBm
Signal at Receiver
dB
Fading
Fading Categories
Fading Categories
Slow Fading Fast Fading
Page49
Diversity Technique
Diversity technique is used to obtain uncorrelated signals for combining
Reduce the effects of fading
Fast fading caused by multi-path Slow fading caused by shadowing
Improve the reliability of communication Increase the coverage and capacity
Page50
Diversity
Time diversity
Channel coding, Block interleaving
Frequency diversity
The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth frequency spectrum
Space diversity
Receive space diversity Transmit space diversity
Polarization diversity
Vertical polarization Horizontal polarization
Page51
Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1 Correlator 2 Receive set Correlator 3 Searcher correlator s(t) s(t) Calculate the time delay and signal strength Combiner The combined signal
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system
Summary
In this course, we have discussed basic concepts of WCDMA:
Spreading / Despreading principle UTRAN Voice Coding UTRAN Channel Coding UTRAN Spreading Code UTRAN Scrambling Code UTRAN Modulation UTRAN Transmission/Receiving
Page53
Thank you
www.huawei.com

1-Owa200002 Wcdma Ran Fudamental

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WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Different Service, Different Technology

CDMA IS-95 TDMA IS-136 PDC

cdma 2000 TDSCDMA

3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

Different Service, Different Technology

CDMA IS-95 TDMA IS-136 PDC

cdma 2000 TDSCDMA

3G provides compositive services for both operators and subscribers

IMT-2000: the general name of third generation mobile communication system

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bands WCDMA Used

Supplementary bands: different country maybe different

Frequency channel number central frequency5, for main band:

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Core technology of 3G: CDMA

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

WCDMA Protocol Version Evolution

GSM/GPRS CN WCDMA RTT

CS domain change to NGN WCDMA RTT

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

WCDMA System Architecture

Protocol Mode for UTRAN Terrestrial Interface

User Plane Data Stream(s)

Transport Network Layer

ALCAP(s) Signalling Bearer(s) Signalling Bearer(s)

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

Multiple Access Technology

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiple Access Technology

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

Frequency division duplex (FDD) Time division duplex (TDD)

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

chip rate Pr ocess Gain = 10 log( ) bit rate

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

WCDMA Source Coding

AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech

Bit Rate (kbps)

A integrated speech codec with 8 source rates.

Video Phone Service

AMR_7.40 7.4 (CDMA EFR)

H.324 is used for VP Service in CS domain.

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

WCDMA Channel Coding

No Coding Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3) Turbo Coding (1/3)

1/2 Convolutional Coding 1/3 Convolutional Coding 1/3 Turbo Coding

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Input bits 0010000 ... 10111

0 0 ... ... 0 0 0 ... ... 0

0 0 ... ... 1 1 0 ... ... 1