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INTRODUCTION
Phytopharmaceuticals,
or phytotherapeutics Synonymous to herbal medicinal products, herbal remedies or phytomedicines
Some Terminologies.
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NUTRACEUTICAL : can be any substance that may be considered a food or part of a food that provide medical and health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of disease.
COSMECEUTICAL : term used to describe cosmetic containing ingredients that are bioactive, exerting effects on people. It is a blend of cosmetic and pharmaceutical. Examples are antiwrinkles creams, baldness treatments, moisturizers and sunscreens
Characteristics of Phytomedicine
Do not possess an immediate or strong pharmacological action. Wide therapeutic use Great acceptance by the population Frequently used to treat chronic diseases Cost less than synthetic drugs Occurrence of undesirable side effects seems to be less frequent with herbal medicines Perceived to be healthier than synthetic drugs
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Mixtures of many constituents Active constituents are not well established Standardization, stability and quality control testing are time consuming, tedious and highly priced Genuine raw materials not easily found Chemical and/or natural variability of plant material Influence of harvest, drying, and storage conditions
Global market ~$60 billion with 15-20% annual growth rate Major share -China and Korea, India sharing 0.35-3.0%. Herbal medicines are distributed under 6 basic therapeutic categories: cardiovascular, 27.0%; respiratory, 15.3%; digestive, 14.4%; tonic, 14.4%; sedative, 9.3%; topical, 7.4%; others, 12.0%
The number of people using herbal products in US rose by 50% last year
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In Korea, herbal medicine output over US $ 500 million which account for 12% of the total drug output.
Japan has 147 herbal medicines are eligible by national health insurance scheme
Methods of Extraction
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Cold extraction: plant material is extracted in solvent of differing polarity at room temperature.
Hot percolation: the plant is heated in the solvent . This extraction method allows for the extraction of a large number of metabolites
Supercritical fluid extraction: some gases behave as though they are liquids with solvating properties, under pressure.they can be blown away from the extractant after the extraction is over
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Soxhlet extraction: most widely and commonly used extraction technique for natural product . Although some components may be destroyed in the process, it is still the best method or extraction used in natural product chemistry
Mixtures contain 2 or more active plants ingredients Teas or Infusions prepared by steeping herbs in boiling water.
Decoction a preparation that is made by adding cold water to the required amount of the drug and then boiled and allowed to simmer for 510 min.
Maceration refers to a preparation made by adding cold water to the required amount of the drug, which is allowed to soak at room temperature for 68 h before it is strained
Juice is prepared by crushing the freshly harvested plant parts and then expressing the juice.
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Syrup is a preparation containing about 66% sucrose and generally has a viscous consistency
Tincture refers to an alcoholic solution (usually 3070% water) prepared from medicinal plant materials
Capsules are usually small but soft or hard containers normally made from gelatin
Modes of administration
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Oral: A decoction, infusions, tinctures, syrups and tablets are most often taken orally Nasal (Smoking, snuffing or steaming): essential oils suspended in hot liquids or powdered materials may be snuffed so that the active compounds are resorbed through the mucosa. Smoke from burning materials is inhaled and the active compounds resorbed into the lungs Topical: Lotions, oils or creams containing extracts of medicinal plants are applied directly to the skin, where the active compound is absorbed Bathing: Herbs or herbal extracts may be added to bath water Sub-cutaneous or intramuscular injections: Some phytomedicines are injected into the bloodstream
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Pharmacodynamics
Study of the actions and effects of drugs on organ, tissue, cellular, and subcellular levels
Site of action Mode of action
Pharmacodyanamics
Mechanism of action
Site of Action
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Enzyme Inhibition: Drugs act within the cell by modifying normal biochemical reactions.
Drug-Receptor Interaction: Drugs act on the cell membrane by physical and/or chemical interactions. This is usually through specific drug receptor sites known to be located on the membrane
Non-specific Interactions: Drugs act exclusively by physical means outside of cells. These sites include external surfaces of skin and gastrointestinal tract
The interaction of a drug with a specific receptor site is characterized by three factors, namely:
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3. Potency: Potency is a measure of how much a drug is required in order to produce a particular effect
Plants as Medicines
Garlic ( Allium sativum) Allicin S-methylcysteine sulphoxide (SMCS) Inhibit both platelet aggregation and thrombus formation, and thus may be of value in the treatment of thrombotic disorders Inhibition of LDL oxidation and platelet aggregation were proposed as mechanisms of benefit against cardiovascular disease Decrease the risk of nitrosamine formation and
6-shogaol acts on serotonin receptors or 5-HT(5-hydroxytryptamine receptors) to check the nausea & appetite.
Active component eugenol. Act as vasodilator Possess membrane stabilizing properties on synaptosomes cells which helps in management of neurological (e.g. convulsions & epilepsy) disorders
epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin (ECG), and epigallocatechin gallet (EGCG)
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kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin The hypocholesterolemia activity of tea catechins can be attributed to the inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption as well as the enhancement of cholesterol excretion through feces
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Grape seed extract Resveratrol Interfere with cancer cell growth and proliferation, as well as induce apoptosis
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Amla (Emblica officinalis) Lignans, alkaloids, and bioflavonoids Its extracts induce apoptosis Free radical scavenger
WHO has published guidelines in order to define basic criteria for evaluating the quality, safety, and efficacy of herbal medicines
WHO has prepared pharmacopeic monographs on herbal medicines and the basis of guidelines for the assessment of herbal drugs
In USA since 1994, herbal medicines have been regulated under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994
In India ,in 2001, the Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation of Directorate General of Health Services has issued GCP guidelines. These guidelines recommend the approach to clinical trials of herbal remedies and medicinal plants
Conclusion
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Phytomedicines have several benefits over prescription drugs, which makes the basis of their increased demand in the market
Close collaboration is expected between clinicals and scientists with a common aimproduction of safe, quality and efficacious phytomedicinal products
T H A N K Y O U A L L