Emergency disaster preparedness

NATURAL HAZARDS
FLOODS TYPHOONS AND STORM SURGES EARTHQUAKES VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
CLIMATIC VARIABILITIES (LA NIA/EL NIO) NI

TSUNAMI LANDSLIDES GROUND SUBSIDENCE

MANMADE HAZARDS
FIRE INCIDENTS SEA ACCIDENTS AIR ACCIDENTS LAND ACCIDENTS OIL SPILL CIVIL STRIFE POLLUTION
(SOLID WASTE, AIR, WATER AND THERMAL)

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
(RADIOACTIVE FALLOUT, GAS LEAKS)

TERRORISM RED TIDE

Other Hazards. . . .
Bird Flu Climate Change

EARTHQUAKE
Shaking of earth caused by waves on or below the earth's surface causing: surface faulting; aftershocks; tsunamis; tremors, vibrations; liquefaction; and landslides.

Earthquake
Earthquake a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earths surface. Earthquakes are the Earth's natural means of releasing stress. stress.

The Great Hanshin Earthquake

KOBE, JAPAN

Date : 17 January 1995 Time : 5:46 am Magnitude : 6.9 Depth : 22 kms

Casualties : 5,502 Injured : 36,896 ~200,000 buildings are damaged or destroyed. ~300,000 people were evacuated to temporary shelters
SOURCE: PHIVOLCS

Types of Natural Earthquakes

Tectonic
earthquakes produced by sudden movement along faults and plate boundaries

Volcanic
earthquakes produced by movement of magma beneath volcanoes

Magnitude vs Intensity
Magnitude
A measure of the total energy released at the earthquakes point of origin (below earths surface) based on information derived from a seismograph

Intensity
Perceived strength of an earthquake based on relative effect to people objects and structures (on the earths surface); generally higher near the epicenter

SOURCE: PHIVOLCS

Magnitude Scale
Magnitude 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Description Not felt. Detected only by sensitive seismographs under favorable conditions Hardly perceptible. Detected by seismographs. Very feeble . Felt only near the epicenter. Feeble . Generally felt, but don t usually cause any damage. Moderate earthquakes. May cause local damages. Strong earthquakes. Usually cause local damages. Major earthquakes. Cause considerable, widespread damages. May be accompanied by surface fault rupture & tsunami. Great earthquakes. Potentially devastating. Rare earthquakes. Only 5 recorded since 1900.

8 9

Intensity
Based on effects on people, objects, buildings and changes in the environment Different scales used in different countries

SOURCE: PHIVOLCS

Can Earthquakes Be Predicted?

When exactly a strong earthquake would occur cannot be predicted at present Where earthquakes would be generated can be determined Maximum Size (magnitude) of an earthquake that can be generated by a fault can be estimated Effect of an earthquake can be assessed and evaluated Damaging effect of an earthquake can be prevented or minimized

Earthquake Hazards

Ground shaking

Ground Rupture

Liquefaction

Landslide

Tsunami

Fire

Magnitude vs Intensity
Magnitude
A measure of the total energy released at the earthquakes point of origin (below earths surface) based on information derived from a seismograph

Intensity
Perceived strength of an earthquake based on relative effect to people objects and structures (on the earths surface); generally higher near the epicenter

SOURCE: PHIVOLCS

Magnitude Scale
Magnitude 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Description Not felt. Detected only by sensitive seismographs under favorable conditions Hardly perceptible. Detected by seismographs. Very feeble . Felt only near the epicenter. Feeble . Generally felt, but don t usually cause any damage. Moderate earthquakes. May cause local damages. Strong earthquakes. Usually cause local damages. Major earthquakes. Cause considerable, widespread damages. May be accompanied by surface fault rupture & tsunami. Great earthquakes. Potentially devastating. Rare earthquakes. Only 5 recorded since 1900.

8 9

Intensity
Based on effects on people, objects, buildings and changes in the environment Different scales used in different countries

SOURCE: PHIVOLCS

Can Earthquakes Be Predicted?

When exactly a strong earthquake would occur cannot be predicted at present Where earthquakes would be generated can be determined Maximum Size (magnitude) of an earthquake that can be generated by a fault can be estimated Effect of an earthquake can be assessed and evaluated Damaging effect of an earthquake can be prevented or minimized

Earthquake Hazards

Ground shaking

Ground Rupture

Liquefaction

Landslide

Tsunami

Fire

WHAT TO DO
BEFORE DURING AFTER

AN EARTHQUAKE

BEFORE
THE KEY TO EFFECTIVE DISASTER PREVENTION IS PLANNING Determine whether the site is along an active fault and/or prone to liquefaction or landslide which may cause damage to your house or building. Be sure that proper structural design and engineering practice is followed when constructing a house or building. Evaluate the structural soundness of buildings and important infrastructures; strengthen or retrofit found necessary.

BEFORE
FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH YOUR PLACE OF WORK & RESIDENCE

Identify relatively strong parts of the building like door jambs, near elevator shafts, sturdy tables, where you can take refuge during an earthquake. Learn to use fire extinguishers, first aid kits, alarms and emergency exit. These should be accessibly and conveniently located, and prominently marked.
23 SOURCE: PHIVOLCS

BEFORE
PREPARE YOUR PLACE OF WORK AND RESIDENCE FOR THE EVENT Strap heavy furniture/cabinets to the wall to prevent sliding or topping. topping. Breakable items, harmful chemicals and flammable materials should be stored in the lowermost shelves and secured firmly. firmly. Make it a habit to turn off gas tanks when not in use. use.

BEFORE
MOST CAUSES OF INJURIES DURING EARTHQUAKE ARE FROM FALLING DEBRIS Heavy materials should be kept in lower shelves. Check the stability of hanging objects which may break loose and fall during earthquakes. Prepare and maintain an earthquake survival kit consisting of a battery powered radio, flashlight, first aid kit, potable water, candies, ready-to-eat food, whistle and dust mask.

DURING

If you are on a mountain or near a steep hill slope, move away from steep escarpments which may be affected by landslides.

26 SOURCE: PHIVOLCS

AFTER
IF YOU ARE INSIDE AN OLD, WEAK STRUCTURE, TAKE THE FASTEST AND SAFEST WAY OUT Do not rush to the exit; get out calmly in an orderly manner. Do not use elevators, use the stairs. Check yourself and others for injuries.

AFTER
HELP REDUCE THE NUMBER OF CASUALTIES FROM THE EARTHQUAKE

Dont enter partially damaged buildings, aftershocks may cause these to collapse. Gather information and disaster prevention instructions from batteryoperated radios. Obey public safety precautions.

AFTER
CHECK YOUR SURROUNDINGS

Clean-up chemical spills, toxic and flammable materials to avoid any chain of unwanted events. Check for fire and if any, have it controlled.

29

AFTER
UNLESS YOU NEED EMERGENCY HELP

Do not use your telephone to call relatives and friends. Disaster prevention authorities may need the lines for emergency communications. Do not use your car and drive around disaster-striken areas. Rescue and relief operations need the roads for mobility.

AFTER

Check your water and electrical lines for defects. If any damage is suspected, turn the system off in the main valve or switch.

31

AFTER

If there is a need to evacuate your residence, leave a message stating where you are going. Take with your earthquake survival kit which contain all necessary items for your protection and comfort

32