Chapter

Chapter 3 3

Cell Structure and Function

KEY CONCEPT Cells are the Basic unit of life.
 Cell Theory
All organisms are made of cells
All cells come from other cells
The cell is the basic unit of life
The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists
and improvements in the microscope.
• Many scientists contributed to the cell theory.
The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists
and improvements in the microscope.
• Many scientists contributed to the cell theory.
• More was learned about cells
as microscopes improved.
The cell theory grew out of the work of many scientists
and improvements in the microscope.
• Many scientists contributed to the cell theory.
• More was learned about cells
as microscopes improved.
• The cell theory is a unifying
concept of biology.
Early studies led to the development of the cell theory.
• The Cell theory has three principles.
– All organisms are made of cells.
Early studies led to the development of the cell theory.
• The Cell theory has three principles.
– All organisms are made of cells.
– All existing cells are produced by other living cells.
– The cell is the most basic unit of life.
Early studies led to the development of the cell theory.
• The Cell theory has three principles.
– All organisms are made of cells.
– All existing cells are produced by other living cells.
– The cell is the most basic unit of life.
Common characteristics of all cells.
• All cells share certain characteristics
2. Plasma membrane (external membrane)
3. DNA or RNA or Both
4. Cytoplasm (liquid part of cell)
Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and most
internal structures of eukaryotic cells.
• All cells share certain characteristics.
– Cells tend to be microscopic.

Bacterium
(colored SEM; magnification 8800x)
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and most internal
structures of eukaryotic cells.
• All cells share certain characteristics.
– Cells tend to be microscopic.
– All cells are enclosed
by a membrane. cell membrane

Bacterium
(colored SEM; magnification 8800x)
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and most internal
structures of eukaryotic cells.
• All cells share certain characteristics.
– Cells tend to be microscopic.
– All cells are enclosed
by a membrane. cell membrane
– All cells are filled with
cytoplasm.

cytoplasm
Bacterium
(colored SEM; magnification 8800x)
 There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic
cells.

Prokaryotic Cells do not have a nucleus or internal membrane

bound organelles

Eukaryotic Cells always have a nucleus and internal membrane

bound organelles
There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic
cells.
• Eukaryotic cells have a
nucleus.
nucleus

cell membrane
There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic
cells.
• Eukaryotic cells have a
nucleus.
• Prokaryotic cells do nucleus
not have membrane-
bound organelles.

organelles

cell membrane
There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic
cells.
• Prokaryotic cells do not
have a nucleus.
nucleus

organelles

cell membrane
There are two cell types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic
cells.
• Prokaryotic cells do not
have a nucleus.
• Prokaryotic cells do not nucleus
have membrane-bound
organelles.

organelles

cell membrane

cytoplasm
KEY CONCEPT Eukaryotic cells share many similarities.
Cells have an internal structure.
Cells have an internal structure.
• The cytoskeleton has many functions.
Cells have an internal structure.
• The cytoskeleton has many functions.
– supports and shapes cell
Cells have an internal structure.
• The cytoskeleton has many functions.
– supports and shapes cell
– helps position and transport organelles
Cells have an internal structure.
• The cytoskeleton has many functions.
– supports and shapes cell
– helps position and transport organelles
– provides strength
Cells have an internal structure.
• The cytoskeleton has many functions.
– supports and shapes cell
– helps position and transport organelles
– provides strength
– assists in cell division
Cells have an internal structure.
• The cytoskeleton has many functions.
– supports and shapes cell
– helps position and transport organelles
– provides strength
– assists in cell division
– aids in cell movement
Several organelles are involved in making and
processing proteins.
Several organelles are involved in making and
processing proteins.
• The nucleus stores genetic information.
Several organelles are involved in making and
processing proteins.
• The nucleus stores genetic information.
• The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on the
surface.
Several organelles are involved in making and
processing proteins.
• The nucleus stores genetic information.
• Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum.
• There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum.
Several organelles are involved in making and
processing proteins.
• The nucleus stores genetic information.
• Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum.
• There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum.
– rough endoplasmic
reticulum/ribosomes
Several organelles are involved in making and
processing proteins.
• The nucleus stores genetic information.
• Many processes occur in the endoplasmic reticulum.
• There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum.
– rough endoplasmic
reticulum
– smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Several organelles are involved in making and
processing proteins. (continued)
Several organelles are involved in making and
processing proteins. (continued)
• Ribosomes link amino acids to form proteins.
Several organelles are involved in making and
processing proteins. (continued)
• Ribosomes link amino acids to form proteins.
• Vesicles are membrane-bound sacs that hold materials.
Other organelles have various functions.
• Mitochondria supply energy to the cell.
Other organelles have various functions.
• Mitochondria supply energy to the cell.
• Central Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials.
Other organelles have various functions.
• Mitochondria supply energy to the cell.
• Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials.
• Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material.
Other organelles have various functions.
• Mitochondria supply energy to the cell.
• Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials.
• Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material.
• Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes.
Other organelles have various functions.
• Mitochondria supply energy to the cell.
• Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials.
• Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material.
• Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes.
– Centrioles help divide
DNA.
Other organelles have various functions.
• Mitochondria supply energy to the cell.
• Vacuoles are fluid-filled sacs that hold materials.
• Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest material.
• Centrioles are tubes found in the centrosomes.
– Centrioles help divide
DNA.
– Centrioles form
cilia and flagella.
Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.
Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.
• A cell wall provides rigid support.
Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.
• A cell wall provides rigid support.
• Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy.
KEY CONCEPT The cell membrane is a barrier that
separates a cell from the external environment.
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid
layers.
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid
layers.
• The cell membrane has two major functions.

cell membrane
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid
layers.
• The cell membrane has two major functions.
– forms a boundary between inside and outside of the
cell

cell membrane outside cell

inside cell
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid
layers.
• The cell membrane has two major functions.
– forms a boundary between inside and outside of the
cell
– controls passage of materials
cell membrane outside cell

inside cell
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid
layers.
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid
layers.
• The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer.

cell membrane
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid
layers.
• The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer.
• There are other molecules embedded in the membrane.

carbohydrate protein
cell membrane
chain

cholesterol

protein protein channel

Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid
layers.
• The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer.
• There are other molecules embedded in the membrane.
• The fluid mosaic model describes the membrane.

carbohydrate protein
cell membrane
chain

cholesterol

protein protein channel

Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid
layers.
 Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid
layers.
• The cell membrane is selectively permeable.

Some
molecules
can cross
the
membrane
while
others
cannot.
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid
layers.
• The cell membrane is selectively permeable.

Some
molecules
can cross
the
membrane
while others
cannot.
Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell
membrane.
• Receptors bind with ligands and change shape.
• There are two types of receptors.
Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell
membrane.
• Receptors bind with ligands and change shape.
• There are two types of receptors.
– intracellular receptor
Chemical signals are transmitted across the cell
membrane.
• Receptors bind with ligands and change shape.
• There are two types of receptors.
– intracellular receptor
– membrane receptor
 Diffusion and Osmosis

KEY CONCEPT Materials move across membranes

because of concentration differences.
 Diffusion and Osmosis

Passive transport does not require energy input from a

cell.
• Molecules can move across the cell membrane
through passive transport.
• There are two types of
passive transport.
• diffusion
• osmosis
 Diffusion and Osmosis

Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive

transport.
• Molecules diffuse down a
concentration gradient.
 Diffusion and Osmosis

Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive

transport.
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a
semipermeable membrane.
 Diffusion and Osmosis

Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport.

• There are three types of solutions.
• isotonic
• hypertonic
• hypotonic
 Diffusion and Osmosis

Some molecules can only diffuse through transport

proteins.
• Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the cell
membrane.
• Facilitated diffusion is
diffusion through transport
proteins.
Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis
KEY CONCEPT Cells use energy to transport materials
that cannot diffuse across a membrane.
 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis
Active transport requires energy input from a cell
and enables a cell to move a substance against its
concentration gradient.

• Passive transport requires no energy from the cell.

• Active transport is
powered by chemical
energy (ATP).
• Active transport occurs
through transport protein
pumps.
• Cells use active transport
to maintain homeostasis.
 Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis
A cell can import and export large materials or large
amounts of material in vesicles during the
processes of endocytosis and exocytosis.

• Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles.

• Endocytosis is the process of
taking material into the cell.

• Phagocytosis is a type of
endocytosis.
Active Transport, Endocytosis, and Exocytosis
A cell can import and export large materials or large
amounts of material in vesicles during the
processes of endocytosis and exocytosis.

• Cells use energy to transport material in vesicles.

• Exocytosis is the process of
expelling material from the
cell.