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I. What is an attitude?
Attitude: a favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone (developed, maintained, and changed via the interactive relationship among ones thoughts, feelings, and behaviors).
Three Components of an attitude: Cognitive: What a person believes about the source of the attitude. Affective: How a person feels about the source of the attitude. Behavioral: How a person acts towards the source of the attitude.
2.
Affective component = Being in this psychology class makes me angry. Cognitive component = I believe psychology is uninteresting. Behavioral component = I stop attending my psychology class. ATTITUDE MAINTAINED = I dont like psychology. Behavioral consequence of maintained attitude = I do not become a psychology major.
1.
Behavioral component = I always attend my psychology class. Affective component = Being in this psychology class makes me laugh and therefore happy. Cognitive component = I believe psychology is interesting. ATTITUDE CHANGED = I like psychology. Behavioral consequence of changed attitude = I become a psychology major.
2.
Behavioral component = I always attend my psychology class. Cognitive component = I find out that psychology is interesting. Affective component = Being in this psychology class makes me happy. ATTITUDE CHANGED = I like psychology. Behavioral consequence of changed attitude = I become a psychology major.
Hypocrisy: publicly advocating some attitudes and then acting in a way that is inconsistent with those attitudes.
Theory of Planned Behavior: ones attitudes, perceived social norms, and feelings of control together determine ones intentions and guide behavior.
Role: a specific set of norms that define how people ought to behave in a given social position.
The Snowball Effect: a process that starts from an initial state of small significance and builds upon itself, becoming larger and perhaps potentially dangerous or disastrous (a "spiral of decline"), though it might be beneficial instead.
The Benjamin Franklin Effect: doing a favor for someone can increase liking of the person for whom the favor was done.
James-Lange Theory: a persons interpretation of a stimulus evokes the autonomic changes directly. The psychological experience of emotion is the individuals perception of those physiological changes.
Extrinsic Motivation: Refers to things that are external to oneself, such as money or rewards. Intrinsic Motivation: Refers to things that are internal, such as pride of accomplishment. Overjustification Effect: the result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory: a state of tension that exists when an individual holds contradictory attitudes, or exhibits behavior that is inconsistent with their attitudes.
There are four basic ways we try to reduce cognitive dissonance (1) By changing our behavior to bring it in line with the dissonant cognition. (2) By attempting to justify our behavior through changing one of the dissonant cognitions. (3) By attempting to justify our behavior by adding new cognitions. (4) Trivialize and/or ignore the entire dissonance arousing situation.
Self-Affirmation Theory: when people experience a threat to their self-image after engaging in an undesirable behavior, they can compensate by affirming another aspect of the self.
When dealing with dissonance between you and someone else, you can (1) Change your attitude. (2) Change the other persons attitude. (3) Derogate: Say the other person is a fool.
Justification of Effort: the tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain.
Insufficient Justification: reduction of dissonance by internally justifying ones behavior when external justification is insufficient.