WCM MB107 20 Aug 2011

GJ-IMT
Life Work & Leadership
WCM
1. 2. 3.
IT and Management Programmable Devices and Microprocessor Instruction Set of a Microprocessor
GJ-IMT
SYLLABUS
PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
WORKSHOP ON COMPUTERS FOR MANAGEMENT (MB-107)
Max. Marks: 100 Internal Assessment: 100
UNIT I
Introduction to Computers
Block structure of a computer
Components of a computer system

Introduction to Problem Analysis,
Flow Chart and Algorithm.
Introduction to
High Level and Low Level Languages.
Software:
System s/w, Application s/w.
2
Basic concepts of operating systems.
GJ-IMT
SYLLABUS
UNIT I . . .
Internet access:
Introduction to www, Internet and intranet

Creation of E-mail address Send & receive messages Use of search engines Delivering information with Microsoft Mail.
Use of MS Outlook/Outlook Express
GJ-IMT
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)

AND
MANAGEMENT
The portion from here upto Format For Record Of Lab Work was conducted in two sessions: L1 and L2 on 10 Aug 2011
GJ-IMT
GJ-IMT
GJ-IMT
GJ-IMT
GJ-IMT
GJ-IMT
10
GJ-IMT
11
GJ-IMT
12
GJ-IMT
A F O R
All this is Data
13
GJ-IMT
O R F R O F F O R
14
GJ-IMT
A FOR
15
GJ-IMT
A FOR
This is information
Apple is a fruit Apple is sweet

This is knowledge
Information and then knowledge are derived from Data
16
GJ-IMT
DATA
Data
1. In simple terms, whatever we receive through our sensory organs is data.
2. Facts, statistics used for reference or analysis.

3. Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc., which can be processed by a computer. 4. Data must be interpreted, by a human or machine, to derive meaning.
17
GJ-IMT
DATA
Qualitative or quantitative attributes of a

variable or set of variables form Data. For example: Room temperature is a variable. Temperature is high - This is a - This is a
Qualitative attribute of temperature.

Temperature now is 320 C Quantitative attribute of temperature.
18
GJ-IMT
INFORMATION FROM DATA
Data (plural of "datum") are typically the results

of measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and then knowledge are derived.
19
GJ-IMT
ABSTRACTION
Abstraction means visualising only relevant aspects pertaining to current perspective. For example: In an educational organisation, 1. Admission process and associated resources form one abstraction. 2. Examination process and associated resources form another abstraction. 3. Hostel is third abstraction.
4. Class Room Facilities is fourth abstraction.

5. Library is another abstraction 6. Computer labs form another abstraction 7. Air conditioning 8. Electrical system and so on.
20
GJ-IMT
INFORMATION FROM DATA
Data are often viewed as the lowest

level of abstraction from which
information and then knowledge are

derived.
21
GJ-IMT
AIM
(of this session)
Understanding:1. Scope of MB-107, Workshop on Computers for
Management (WCM) as specified in PTU Syllabus.

2. 3. 4. Framework for learning this subject (WCM). Activities involved. Evaluation Parameters
22
GJ-IMT
OBJECTIVES
(of this session)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Important terms Energy within You My Role Mutual Responsibility Activities Lab Work
23
GJ-IMT
A F O R
All this is Data
24
GJ-IMT
A FOR
This is information
Apple is a fruit. Apple is sweet.

This is knowledge
Information and then knowledge are derived from Data
25
GJ-IMT
What do we do with the information?

Acquire Process Store
Share
Conduct business operations
26
GJ-IMT
What is Technology?
tools, fgdfgfdg techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organisation
Technology is the making, usage and knowledge of
in order to solve a problem or serve some purpose.
27
GJ-IMT
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
28
GJ-IMT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)

Information technology (IT) is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications.
30
GJ-IMT
MANAGEMENT
31
GJ-IMT
MANAGEMENT
Management in all business and organisational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organising, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organisation (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal.
32
GJ-IMT
IT SYLLABUS FOR MBA
As per PTU syllabus IT would be covered in two

semesters:Semester 1: MB-107 Workshop on Computers for Management Semester 2: MB-207 Workshop on Information Technology
33
GJ-IMT
SEMESTER 1: MB-107
Workshop on Computers for Management

Introduction to Computers Software: System s/w, Application s/w.

Internet access Office Suit (Contemporary version):
Word processing Presentation Software (Eg Power Point)
Spread Sheet Software (Eg MS Excel)

34
GJ-IMT
SEMESTER 2: MB-207
Workshop on Information Technology

MS Access:
Database System as part of Microsoft Office
Application of IT:
Business, Educational, Decision Support System, Inventory, etc. Introduction to ERP, CRM, SAP, DBMS, SPSS.
Communication:
The Electronic Web; Network Applications: voice, Information Services, Internet chat, Group chat, Voice over Internet Protocol: voice conference, Video conferencing.
Computer Network & Communication:

Network types, Network topologies, Network Communication Devices, Physical Communication Media, Network Protocol (TCP/ IP).
Working with a suitable Accounting Software package (Eg Tally or some other package)
35
GJ-IMT

MB-107
Faculty Professor, Colonel SC Sood (Retd)

36
GJ-IMT
Set Your Aim
1. In Life 2. While in GJIMT

37
GJ-IMT Remain
Focused on Your Target
38
GJ-IMTorder In
to achieve our goal, we need energy
39
GJ-IMT
The Source of Energy

Einsteins Mass Energy Relation e = mc2
Where
e = Energy (Joules) m = Mass (Kg) c = Velocity of light (meters/sec)

(300,000,000 metres/second)
(1 joule is the amount of energy needed to move 1kg of mass by 1 metre.)
40
GJ-IMT
ENERGY EQUIVALENT OF ONE GRAM OF MASS
Einstein used the CGS system of units (centimeters, grams,

seconds, dynes, and ergs). So the energy equivalent of one gram of mass is equivalent to:
89.9 tera joules 25.0 million kilowatt-hours (25 GWh) 21.5 billion kilocalories (21 Tcal) 85.2 billion BTUs
or to the energy released by combustion of the following:

21.5 kilotons of TNT-equivalent energy (21 kt) 568,000 US gallons of automotive gasoline (ie Petrol) (1 US gallon = 3.785 liters)
41
GJ-IMT
ENERGY EQUIVALENT OF ONE MICRO GRAM OF MASS
If m = 1 micro gram then Equivalent Energy is calculated as under:e = m x c2 (m in kg, c in mtr/sec) e = 1 x 3x108 x 3x108 106 x 103 = 1 x 9x107 = 9x107 Joules
= the amount of energy needed to move 900 kg of mass by 100,000 meters (ie 100 km).
(c = 3x1010 cm/s = 3x108 m/s = 3x105 km/s)

( One gram of sugar
1 teaspoon= 4 grams, therefore 1/4 teaspoon= 1 gram, 1 Microgram = 1/106 gm )
42
GJ-IMT
Energy of mind is a Never Ending Stream of Thoughts during our life time
Origin of this energy could be atomic/nuclear in nature
43
GJ-IMT
Never Ending Stream of Thoughts
Energy of mind is a Never Ending Stream of Thoughts
44
GJ-IMT
As described in Ken Upnishad
This Universal energy is called

Brahm.
Brahm comes from a root bh which means "to swell, grow, enlarge"
45
GJ-IMT
46
GJ-IMT
BRAHM
That which is unexpressed by words,
but by which the word is expressed, know That to be the Brahm
and not this which people discuss through speech and worship.
That which is beyond the perception of mind,
but by which the mind perceives,

know That to be the Brahm and not this which people know through their mind and brain and
worship.
48
GJ-IMT
BRAHM
That which can not be seen with the eye,
but by which the eye can see, know That to be the Brahm
and not this which is visible through eyes that people worship.
That which can not be heard with the ear, but by which the ear hears, know That to be the Brahm and not this which is known through ears that people worship.
49
GJ-IMT
BRAHM
That which breathes not with the breath,
but by which the life-breath is led forward in its paths, know That to be the Brahm
and not this which is visually active with the breath that people worship.
50
GJ-IMT
51
GJ-IMT
The Universal Energy
With the same energy I teach and You learn
52
GJ-IMT
The Universal Energy

This implies that
you and I have the same capabilities as that of the Brahm because we have the same energy within us.
Aham Brahm Asmi: I am the Brahm Shivoaham: I am the Shiva Ana Al-Haqq: I am the Truth (I am Allah)
- Mansur Al-Hallaj
53
GJ-IMT
The Learning
How much from whom?
54
GJ-IMT
55
GJ-IMT
"Aum, That (Brahm) is complete (Full, Whole) and This (universe) too is complete . After giving complete (universe) out of complete (Brahm), what remains is complete.
57
GJ-IMT
Om Puurnnam adah Puurnnam idam Puurnnaat purnnam udacyate Puurnnasya Puurnnam aadaaya Puurnam ev aavashissyate ||
Om Shaantih Shaantih Shaantih ||
Meaning: That (Brahm) is Full (Infinite), This (Universe) also is Full (Infinite), From Fullness comes that Fullness, Taking Fullness (Universe) from Fullness (Brahm), Fullness indeed remains.
Om Peace, Peace, Peace.

58
GJ-IMT
Prayer
for both The Teacher and
The Taught
59
GJ-IMT
THE PRAYER
Om Sah Nau
Avatu
(May He protected both of us together)
Sah Nau Bhunaktu

(May He nourish both of us together)
Sah Veeryam
Karavaa-vahai
(May we work conjointly with great energy)
Tejasvinaa Adhitam Astu

(May our study be brilliant)
Maa vidh-vishaa-vahai
(May we cherish no ill feeling towards each other! )
60
GJ-IMT Om Sah Nau Avatu

Saha Nau Bhunaktu Sah-veeryam Karavaa-vahai Tejasvinaa Adhitam Astu Maa vidh-vishaa-vahai
Sanskrit to English Word Meaning

Sah - together; Nau - two of us; Avatu - may he protect; Bhunaktu - may he nourish; Sah Viryam Karavavahai - together may we acquire the capacity; Tejasvi - be brilliant; Nau - for two of us; Adhitam - whatever is studied; Astu - let it be; Maa vidvishavahai - may we not be jealous of each other
61
GJ-IMT
GURU GRANTH SAHIB
Jau Tau Prem Khelan Ka Chau, Sirr Dhar Talee Galee Meri Aao.
Eit Sirr Maarag Pair Dhareejae, Deejae Kaan Naa Keejae.
62
GJ-IMT
63
GJ-IMT
SYLLABUS
UNIT I

Introduction to
Software:
64
GJ-IMT
SYLLABUS
UNIT I . . .
Internet access:
Introduction to www, Internet and intranet

Creation of E-mail address Send & receive messages Use of search engines Delivering information with Microsoft Mail.
65
GJ-IMT
UNIT II
WCM
MS-OFFICE (CONTEMPORARY VERSION)
Word processing:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. MS-Word, word basics, Creating a new word document, page-setup, Editing document, cut, copy, paste, paste special, paste as hyperlink. Different views of document, tool bar customization, formatting text and documents,
7.
8. 9.
working with header and footer,

footnotes, endnotes, tables and sorting,
10. graphics, 11. mail merge and 12. macros.

66
GJ-IMT
WCM
UNIT II
13. Insert page break, column break, section break, paragraph,

14. change cases,
15. borders and shading.

16. Spelling and grammar checking, 17. Auto correct,
18. Track changes,

19. Inserting, deleting, 20. selecting table, Insert rows and columns, Table auto format, formulas, split table.
67
GJ-IMT
WCM
UNIT III POWER POINT
1. 2.
Basics, working with texts and graphics in Power Point, adding animation, 3. sound, 4. pictures and 5. video. 6. Creating new slide, inserting new slide, 7. background setting, 8. auto layout, 9. apply design templates. 68 10. Inserting header and footer,
GJ-IMT
WCM
UNIT III POWER POINT
11. 12. 13. 14. 15 16. 17. 18. 19.
Slide from file, Clip art. Different view of slide, duplicates, delete slide, slide sorter, Master slide. Animation setting, slide transition, custom show.
69
GJ-IMT
WCM
UNIT IV MS EXCEL
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Spreadsheets and their uses in business, Excel basics, Creating a new worksheet, rearranging worksheets, excel formatting techniques, using functions and working with graphics in excel. Cut, Copy, Paste, Paste special,
8.
9.
Auto fill,
Delete Sheet,
10. Clear. 11. Page break preview, Custom View, 12. Header and footer. 13. Inserting Row, Column, Worksheet,
70
GJ-IMT
WORKSHOP ON COMPUTERS FOR MANAGEMENT
UNIT IV
MS EXCEL
14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25.
Function, Object, Hyperlink. Formatting row and column. Protection, goal seeks scenarios, Customize, option, sort, filter, form, and subtotal. Validation, table, consolidate, pivot table and chart, get external data.
71
GJ-IMT
Text Books:
Ser 1. 2. 3. 4.
Author P.K. Sinha
Title
Publisher
Fundamentals of BPB Computers Curtin, Foley, Sen & Information Tata MCGraw Hill Martin Technology Leon & Leon Internet for Everyone Leon Tech World Ron Masfield MS-Office Tech Media Publication
72
GJ-IMT
WCM
73
GJ-IMT
WEIGHTAGE
Number of sessions planned: 44

74
GJ-IMT
AIM
On completion of one semester course on WCM, the students should be capable of analysing and matching
potential of computers and networks
with
business requirements effectively.
75
GJ-IMT
OBJECTIVES
To impart following skill set to the students:1. Understanding capabilities of
2. 3. Computers, Networks and Internet, Windows and Open Source Operating Systems, and Office suits available in both.
Analysing cost effect in installing computers and networks. Contribute effectively towards user requirements for software development for an organisation to enhance business operations.
76
GJ-IMT
ACTIVITIES
1. Quality vs cost oriented market survey of components of a computer system and preparing
a small report of the same using Word Processing software/Office suit and a presentation using Power Point/Open Office suit.
2. Installation of following operating systems (OS): Windows XP/Windows 7 etc. Linux
3. Compare capabilities of Office Suits in both OS.

77
GJ-IMT
EVALUATION PARAMETERS
market survey of components of a computer system, report and booklet prepared using office suit power point presentation of the report. and
1.
Quality of the following:
2. 3.
Installation of Operating Systems (Windows and Linux). Lab Work:

Number of experiments completed. Record of Lab Work.
4. 5.
Co-operation:
Guidance and assistance provided to fellow students.
Miscellaneous:
Dedication. Punctuality, attendance, discipline, dress code etc. Regularity of work. Written and verbal expression/communication skills.
78
Weightage: 20 Marks each; Total: 100 Marks
GJ-IMT
EXPERIMENTS
79
GJ-IMT
EXPERIMENT #1
1. (a) List various components required for assembling a desktop PC. (b) Assemble a desktop PC with above components, switch it ON and explain its booting sequence.
(c) Explain the role of BIOS.

(d) What type of keyboard, mouse and monitor did you use? What are the other types that can be used?
(e) What Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) is being used for

the lab? (f) How would you select a UPS for a desktop PC? What about a laptop? (g) What are the advantages of an Online UPS?
80
GJ-IMT
EXPERIMENT #2
of a desktop PC and prepare a report explaining your preference for each. Give reasons in
2. (a) Carry out market survey of various components
support of your choice for use of the desktop

for your PA. (b) Carry out market survey of different laptops. Compare and explain your choice for use as a CEO.
(c) Explain advantages and limitations of a Laptop.

81
GJ-IMT
EXPERIMENT #3
you using A4 size paper or any other size of your choice using a Word Processor. The design and quality of this booklet should be such that it can be marketed.
3. (a) Prepare a small booklet of market survey carried out by
(b) Include Table of Contents and Index in your booklet. (c) Use suitable images wherever required.
(d) Use tables where applicable.

(e) Use Bold, Italics, Underline, Dropcap, Left Alignment, Right Alignment and Justified format appropriately. Also include Page Numbers.
82
GJ-IMT
EXPERIMENT #4
4. Perform the following tasks with Windows Operating System (OS):(a) Install Windows XP/Windows 7 on the given system. (b) Install Video, Sound and LAN Card drivers. Write down step by step procedure. (c) Configure the system for Internet connection and write down step by step procedure. (d) Install an Office Suite in Windows and explore the same. Write down step by step procedure. (e) Install CD/DVD burning software and use it. (f) Install a printer and write down step by step installation procedure.
83
GJ-IMT
EXPERIMENT #5
5. Perform the following tasks with Linux OS:(a) Install Linux OS (Ubuntu or Fedora or any other variant of your choice) on the given system.
(b) Check working of Video, Sound and LAN Card.

(c) Configure the system for Internet connection and write down step by step procedure. (d) How would you setup a printer in Linux? Write down step by step procedure.
84
GJ-IMT
EXPERIMENT #6
6. Explore Linux for the following:(a) What applications get installed automatically with the Linux OS as compared to Windows? (b) How do you install additional applications? (c) What CD/DVD burning software package is available in Linux? (d) What multimedia software package is available? (e) Do .exe files of windows run under Linux? Try on your system and explain. (f) Based on your lab work, compare Linux OS with Windows OS giving advantages and limitations of each.
85
GJ-IMT
EXPERIMENT #7
7. (a) Study and explain Open Source software. (b) List advantages of Open Source software. (c) What open source software applications are available for Windows?
86
GJ-IMT
EXPERIMENT #8
8. (a) Prepare a power point presentation of your market survey report. (b) It must include at least one audio clip and one video clip. (c) Use suitable and appropriate slide transition. (d) Include at least one animation.
87
GJ-IMT
EXPERIMENT #9
9. (a) Prepare a Work Sheet for entry of marks for all subjects of your class. (b) Protect the worksheet columns in such a manner that the marks for each subject should be editable only by respective teacher by giving his/her password. (c) Total marks and percentage should get calculated automatically. (d) Create a graph/chart showing subject wise comparison as under:(i) Pass Percentage of students in each subject.
(ii) Percentage of students getting 75% or more marks.
(iii) Percentage of students getting 60% or more marks but less than 75% marks.
88
GJ-IMT
EXPERIMENT #10
email service providers, eg gmail.com and yahoo.com.
10. (a) Create two email accounts for yourself on two different
(b) Configure outlook express to work with your multiple email accounts created above.
(c) Explain advantage of outlook express. What is its

equivalent package in Linux?
89
GJ-IMT
EXPERIMENT #11
11. (a) Explain advantages of Internet. (b) What is a broadband connection? (c) Try and record techniques for using Web Search Engines effectively.
90
GJ-IMT
VIRUS PROTECTION
91
GJ-IMT
VIRUS PROTECTION
Virus Protection 1. Linux OS is immune to Windows viruses. 2. You can install Windows and Linux OSs on the same machine using different partitions. 3. Use your pen drive through Linux only.
4. Common virus files can be seen and deleted

through Linux.
92
GJ-IMT
INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENTS
93
GJ-IMT INSTRUCTIONS
TO THE STUDENTS
1. Record of your work in the lab is to be maintained in a file called Record of Lab Work. 2. Experiments may be done in any order. However, change of Experiment Number and its Contents is forbidden. 3. Record of lab work is required to be:(a) Prepared as per format attached. (b) Hand written. (c) Written in first person. Eg I installed , I did , I prepared ., and so on.
94
GJ-IMT INSTRUCTIONS
TO THE STUDENTS
4. When you enter the lab, you must be in possession of: (a) Record of Lab Work file.
(b) Set of Software CDs/DVDs as per requirement. (c) Blank CDs/DVDs (Preferably Re-Writable (RW))
(d) Pen Drive 5. Each page of the Record of Lab Work must be signed by you. 6. Finally, towards the end of semester, the Record of Lab Work must be bound neatly.
95
GJ-IMT INSTRUCTIONS
TO THE STUDENTS
7. Almost all software resources for your requirements are available on the local Linux Web Server at GJIMT. This server is accessible only in GJIMT. Its IP address is 192.168.1.12. You may access it by typing this IP address in any web browser such as Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox etc. 8. For software keys, motherboard drivers etc, contact your lab supervisor. 9. One PC is allocated to each student. Please ensure that your
PC is always functional.
96
GJ-IMT INSTRUCTIONS
TO THE STUDENTS
For all installations, you would student gjimt
10. Username and Password. use the following:(a) Username: (b) Password:
11. Know the particulars and contact number of students from other classes who use the same system as is yours. 12. Virus Free System/Pen Drive. (a) In Windows use Microsoft Security Essentials. This antivirus software can be downloaded free for a legal copy of Windows OS. (b) You can clean common viruses from your pen drives using Linux OS. It is very simple. Learn the procedure from your lab supervisor/faculty, share with others and keep your system virus free. This is in your own interest.
97
GJ-IMT INSTRUCTIONS
TO THE STUDENTS
13. Conduct in the Lab. (a) You have limited sessions in the lab. Be present and make full use of your resources, ie Lab and Time. (b) An activity that leads you towards your goal is correct, continue. An activity that leads you in a direction other than your goal is incorrect, stop it. (d) Share your knowledge and experience with your colleagues. There are no business secrets in a class.
98
GJ-IMT
FORMAT FOR RECORD OF LAB WORK
99
GJ-IMT
EXPERIMENT #
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
Experiment. Introduction/Importance of Experiment (Why am I doing this experiment?). Hardware Requirements (Minimum Essential Hardware Configuration). Network Requirements. Software Requirements. Procedure/Method. Activity. Observations/Results. What did I gain by doing this experiment?
10.
11. 12.
Difficulties Faced.
Suggested Remedial Measures. Certificate. Certified that I did this experiment personally and understood all aspects related to the experiment.
Date: Signatures: Roll Number: Name: Course and Semester:
100
GJ-IMT
Thanks
101
GJ-IMT
PROGRAMMABLE DEVICES
102
GJ-IMT
Can you Instruct a Dog to do something?
Yes, if the dog is trained.

103
GJ-IMT
Can you Instruct an Electric Fan to do something?
Yes, if the Fan is electrically wired accordingly.
104
GJ-IMT
What all instructions can be given to an electrical fan?
1. Run 2. Stop 3. Change speed

105
GJ-IMT
How do you give instructions?
Using Switches or Buttons

106
GJ-IMT
An Electrical Fan with Regulator can carry out following instructions
Instruction Run
Number of Instructions 1
Stop
Change speed
1
3 or 5 (or as per regulator)
107
GJ-IMT
An Electrical Lamp can carry out two instructions
Instruction
On Off
Number of Instructions
1 1
108
GJ-IMT
Electrical circuits respond to switching
Instruction On Off
Code 1 0
109
GJ-IMT
SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

230V Mains Socket Lamp
Plug
Switch
110
GJ-IMT
AND GATE
The Bulb glows if A is ON AND B is ON Such a circuit is called AND Gate
A
AND Gate Symbol
111
GJ-IMT
OR GATE
The Bulb glows if A is ON OR B is ON OR Both are ON Such a circuit is called OR Gate
A
OR Gate Symbol
112
GJ-IMT
NOT/INVERTER GATE
NOT Gate Symbol
+ 6V
113
GJ-IMT
DECODERS
2 to 4
3 to 8
74HC138
Electronic circuits may be designed to execute many instructions by multiple switching circuits
114
GJ-IMT
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
1.
2.
Circuits that are discrete (opposite of continuous) in nature, eg electric lamp or fan or motor, respond to switching.
They start if the electric power is present. stop if the electric power is absent.
3. 4. 5. 6.
Presence of electric power is considered as mathematical 1. Absence of electric power is considered as mathematical 0. All information has to be represented by combinations of ones and zeros (1s and 0s). Therefore, all mathematical calculations are done using binary mathematics.
115
GJ-IMT
DIGITAL CIRCUITS
1. Such circuits can be represented as black boxes with input, output and an instruction set. 2. A black box is a device, system or object which can be viewed solely in terms of its input, output and transfer characteristics without any knowledge of its internal workings.
Input
Blackbox
Output
116
GJ-IMT
PROGRAMMABLE DEVICE
Switching instructions Data movement instructions Arithmetic and Logical instructions Data Storage instructions etc. Jump instructions
1. An electronic circuit designed to carry out following instructions is called a programmable device:
2. Each instruction is a combination of high and low voltages at the input ie 1s and 0s. 3. All data is also held as combination of high and low voltages ie 1s and 0s.
Input
Blackbox
Output
117
GJ-IMT
PROGRAMMABLE DEVICE
Instructions are given at the input.
It would also have connectivity to storage memory.

Results are available at the output lines. They may also be stored in memory.
Set of all the instructions is called Instruction Set. Such a programmable device is called microprocessor.
Input
Blackbox
Output
118
GJ-IMT
MICROPROCESSORS
119
GJ-IMT
CONTROLLING
M1
M2
M3
M4
Machines
120
GJ-IMT
CONTROL AND PROCESSING
Controlling.
To carry out one or more operations
on a system, comprising of
man, machine and/or data to check the errors and to take the corrective action.
Processing.
Modification of
input data
to obtain
desired result/output.
Process.
Steps for carrying out a task.
121
GJ-IMT
CONTROLLING
~ ~
122
GJ-IMT
CONTROLLING
TWO LINES ASSOCIATED WITH A DECODER CAN CONTROL 4 SYSTEMS/STATES
~ ~
123
GJ-IMT
CONTROLLING
~ THREE LINES
ASSOCIATED WITH A DECODER

~ CAN CONTROL 8 SYSTEMS/STATES ~
124
GJ-IMT
CONTROLLING BY ELECTRONIC GATES
125
GJ-IMT
AND GATE
+5V A INPUTS B OUTPUT
126
GJ-IMT AND GATE ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT

+5V
A INPUTS B
OUTPUT
127
GJ-IMT
AND GATE SYMBOL

A
INPUTS B TRUTH TABLE A B Output 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 OUTPUT
128
GJ-IMT
NOT GATE: CIRCUIT (INVERTOR GATE)
+5V
INPUT
OUTPUT
TRUTH TABLE INPUT OUTPUT 1 0 0 1
129
GJ-IMT
NOT GATE SYMBOL
INPUT
OUTPUT
TRUTH TABLE INPUT OUTPUT 1 0 0 1

130
GJ-IMT
MATHEMATICAL IMPORTANCE OF GATES
131
GJ-IMT
GATES
NOT gate
The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its output. It is also known as an inverter. If the input variable is A, the inverted output is known as NOT A. This is also shown as A', or A with a bar over the top, as shown at 132 the outputs.
GJ-IMT
GATES
AND gate
The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if: all its inputs are high. A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e. A.B. Bear in mind that this dot is sometimes omitted i.e. AB
133
GJ-IMT
OR GATE
+5V A
INPUTS
B OUTPUT
134
GJ-IMT
GATES
OR Gate
The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if: one or more of its inputs are high.
A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.
135
GJ-IMT
GATES
EXOR gate
The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high.
An encircled plus sign (+) is used to show the EOR operation.

136
GJ-IMT
APPLICATION OF AND & NOT GATES
137
GJ-IMT
DECODER
1
1 1
138
GJ-IMT
DECODER
1
0
139
GJ-IMT
DECODER
1
1 0
140
0 1 1
GJ-IMT
DECODER
0
1
0 0
1
1 1
1
2 3
141
1
0
1
B
1
GJ-IMT
CONTROL CIRCUIT
AC MAINS ~
+5V
MOTOR Input from Decoder 1 = +5V or 0 = 0V GATE
142
ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAY
GJ-IMT
DEDUCTIONS
Each Input to the decoder is an instruction. Each output of decoder can control one circuit. Each circuit may be designed to perform one action/task. A task may be: Mathematical Calculation.
Logical operation. Machine control etc.
143
GJ-IMT
DEDUCTIONS . . . Larger number of input lines implies:More tasks can be performed. Bigger instruction set and hence easy
for programmer.
144
GJ-IMT
INSTRUCTION SET
Each microprocessor has its own Instruction Set. Some operations available in most instruction sets include: 1. Data handling and Memory operations 2. Arithmetic and Logic 3. Control flow
145
GJ-IMT
INSTRUCTION SET. . .
Data handling and Memory operations

set a register to a fixed constant value. move data from a memory location to a register, or vice versa. This is done to obtain the data to perform a computation on it later, or to store the result of a computation. read and write data from hardware devices.
Arithmetic and Logic

add, subtract, multiply, or divide the values of two registers, placing the result in a register, possibly setting one or more condition codes in a status register. perform bitwise operations, taking the conjunction and disjunction of corresponding bits in a pair of registers, or the negation of each bit in a register. compare two values in registers (for example, to see if one is less, or if they are equal).
Control flow
branch to another location in the program and execute instructions there. conditionally branch to another location if a certain condition holds. indirectly branch to another location, while saving the location of the 146 next instruction as a point to return to (a call).
GJ-IMT
INSTRUCTION SET: 8085
Data Transfer Croup: The data transfer instructions move data between registers or between memory and registers. MOV MVI LDA STA LHLD SHLD Move Move Immediate Load Accumulator Directly from Memory Store Accumulator Directly in Memory Load H & L Registers Directly from Memory Store H & L Registers Directly in Memory
An 'X' in the name of a data transfer instruction implies that it deals with a register pair (16-bits);
LXI LDAX STAX XCHG XTHL Load Register Pair with Immediate data Load Accumulator from Address in Register Pair Store Accumulator in Address in Register Pair Exchange H & L with D & E Exchange Top of Stack with H & L
147
GJ-IMT
Arithmetic Group: The arithmetic instructions add, subtract, increment, or decrement data in registers or memory. ADD ADI ADC ACI SUB SUI SBB SBI INR DCR INX DCX DAD Add to Accumulator Add Immediate Data to Accumulator Add to Accumulator Using Carry Flag Add Immediate data to Accumulator Using Carry Subtract from Accumulator Subtract Immediate Data from Accumulator Subtract from Accumulator Using Borrow (Carry) Flag
Subtract Immediate from Accumulator Using Borrow (Carry) Flag
Increment Specified Byte by One Decrement Specified Byte by One Increment Register Pair by One Decrement Register Pair by One Double Register Add; Add Content of Register Pair to H & L Register Pair
148
GJ-IMT
Logical Group:
This group performs logical (Boolean) operations on data in registers and memory and on condition flags. The logical AND, OR, and Exclusive OR instructions enable you to set specific bits in the accumulator ON or OFF.
ANA ANI ORA OR XRA XRI
Logical AND with Accumulator Logical AND with Accumulator Using Immediate Data Logical OR with Accumulator Logical OR with Accumulator Using Immediate Data Exclusive Logical OR with Accumulator Exclusive OR Using Immediate Data
149
GJ-IMT
The Compare instructions compare the content of an 8-bit value with the contents of the accumulator; CMP Compare CPI Compare Using Immediate Data The rotate instructions shift the contents of the accumulator one bit position to the left or right: RLC Rotate Accumulator Left RRC Rotate Accumulator Right RAL Rotate Left Through Carry RAR Rotate Right Through Carry Complement and carry flag instructions: CMA Complement Accumulator CMC Complement Carry Flag STC Set Carry Flag 150
GJ-IMT
Branch Group: The branching instructions alter normal sequential program flow, either unconditionally or conditionally. The unconditional branching instructions are as follows:
JMP
RET
Jump
Return
151
CALL Call
GJ-IMT
Conditional branching instructions examine the status of one of four condition flags to determine whether the specified branch is to be executed. The conditions that may be specified are as follows:
NZ Z NC Not Zero (Z = 0) Zero (Z = 1) No Carry (C = 0)
C
PO PE P M
Carry (C = 1)
Parity Odd (P = 0) Parity Even (P = 1) Plus (S = 0) Minus (S = 1)
152
GJ-IMT
Thus, the conditional branching instructions are specified as follows:

Jumps C INC JZ JNZ JP JM JPE JP0 Calls CC CNC CZ CNZ CP CM CPE CPO Returns RC(Carry) RNC (No Carry) RZ (Zero) RNZ (Not Zero) RP (Plus) RM (Minus) RPE (Parity Even) RPO (Parity Odd)
153
GJ-IMT
The Instruction Set as given above is for writing programs using Assembly Language. If equivalent machine codes are used, then they becomes Machine Code Instructions. Machine Codes are combinations of 1s and 0s. Assembly Language programs are to be converted into equivalent Machine Code Instructions by special programs known as Assemblers. Only Machine Codes can be executed by the Microprocessor.
154
GJ-IMT
WHAT IS WORKSHOP?
155
GJ-IMT
WORKSHOP
A meeting or session for: discussion,
study,
experiment, etc.
156
GJ-IMT
WORKSHOP
and
A workshop usually involves a short introduction in which: a specific problem is identified
presented to students
lecturer or tutor.
by the
This is followed by: discussion and activities in which students work collaboratively to investigate, analyse and formulate a solution to the problem.
Outcomes may be: presented by groups or

by individual students at the completion of the workshop.157
GJ-IMT
WORKSHOP
A brief: intensive interactive educational program,
generally for a small group of people,

in which the content is practical specific to the needs of the group. and
It has objectives
may concentrate on
and
or
158
the acquisition of specific information skills.
GJ-IMT
159
GJ-IMT
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
160
GJ-IMT
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
That accepts information Carries out processing Gives out result of processing
A Computer is an electronic device

161
GJ-IMT
WHAT IS ...
Information? Processing? Result of processing?
162
GJ-IMT
WHAT IS INFORMATION?
See Hear Smell Taste Feel i.e. receive through senses is Data
Whatever we:-
Our mind carries out very quick analysis of above inputs. Result of this analysis is information.
163
GJ-IMT
WHAT IS INFORMATION PROCESSING?
Modification of information so that the results could be used gainfully, is called information processing.
For example:
Conversion of speech to text Formatting of text to produce Banners Preparation of results from Answer Books
164
GJ-IMT
According to Russell Ackoff, a systems theorist and professor of organizational change, the content of the human mind can be classified into five categories:
1. Data: symbols 2. Information: data that are processed to be useful; provides answers to "who", "what", "where", and "when" questions 3. Knowledge: application of data and information; answers "how" questions 4. Understanding: appreciation of "why
5. Wisdom: evaluated understanding.

165
GJ-IMT
Data... data is raw. It simply exists and has no significance beyond its existence. It can exist in any form, usable or not. It does not have meaning of itself. In computer parlance, a spreadsheet generally starts out by holding data. Information... information is data that has been
given meaning by way of relational connection. This

"meaning" can be useful, but does not have to be. In computer parlance, a relational database makes information from the data stored within it.
166
GJ-IMT
Knowledge... knowledge is the appropriate collection of

information, such that it's intent is to be useful. Knowledge is a deterministic process. When someone "memorizes" information, then they have amassed knowledge. This knowledge has useful meaning to them, but it does not provide for an integration such as would infer further knowledge. For example, elementary school children memorize, or amass knowledge of, the "times table". They can tell you that "2 x 2 = 4" because they have amassed that knowledge. But when asked what is "1267 x 300", they can not respond correctly because that entry is not in their times table. To correctly answer such a question requires a true cognitive and analytical ability that is only encompassed in the next level... understanding. In computer parlance, most of the applications we use (modeling, simulation, etc.) exercise some type of stored knowledge.
167
GJ-IMT
Cognitive Ability.
The action or faculty of knowing including perceiving, conceiving etc as opposed to emotion (strong mental feeling) and volition (The
action of consciously willing or resolving something; The making of a definite choice or decision regarding a course of action);
The acquisition and possession
of empirical factual knowledge.
Analytical Ability.
Employing analysis; Employing the methods of analysis.
168
GJ-IMT
Understanding...
understanding is an interpolative and probabilistic process. It is cognitive and analytical. It is the process by which I can take knowledge and synthesize new
knowledge from the previously held knowledge.

The difference between understanding and knowledge is the difference between "learning" and "memorizing". People who have understanding can undertake useful actions because they can synthesize new
knowledge, or in some cases, at least new information, from what is

previously known (and understood). That is, understanding can build upon currently held information, knowledge and understanding itself. In computer parlance, AI systems possess understanding in the sense that they are able to synthesize new knowledge from previously stored information and knowledge.
169
GJ-IMT
Wisdom... wisdom is an extrapolative and non-deterministic, nonprobabilistic process. It calls upon all the previous levels of consciousness, and specifically upon special types of human programming (moral, ethical codes, etc.). It beckons to give us understanding about which there has previously been no understanding, and in doing so, goes far beyond understanding itself. It is the essence of philosophical probing. Unlike the previous four levels, it asks questions to which there is no (easily-achievable) answer, and in some cases, to which there can be no humanly-known answer period. Wisdom is therefore, the process by which we also discern, or judge,
between right and wrong, good and bad. I personally believe that computers
do not have, and will never have the ability to posses wisdom. Wisdom is a uniquely human state, or as I see it, wisdom requires one to have a soul, for it resides as much in the heart as in the mind. And a soul is something
machines will never possess (or perhaps I should reword that to say, a soul is
something that, in general, will never possess a machine).
170
GJ-IMT
WHAT IS MANAGEMENT
171
GJ-IMT
MANAGEMENT
Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of
getting people together to accomplish desired goals and
objectives
using available resources efficiently and effectively.
172
GJ-IMT
MANAGEMENT
Management comprises
planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal.
Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of

human resources, financial resources, technological resources,
and natural resources.

173
GJ-IMT
174
GJ-IMT HOW TO USE COMPUTERS FOR MANAGEMENT

Identify management needs. Identify critical areas which are:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Manpower intensive Computation Intensive Highly time consuming Require accuracy Require expertise Global in nature Require round the clock functioning Require networking and so on.
175
GJ-IMT HOW TO USE COMPUTERS FOR MANAGEMENT

Identify capabilities of computers.

Match these capabilities with management requirements. Consult software people. Get cost estimates.
Identify your budget.

Decide on suitable automation in a phased manner.
176
GJ-IMT
177
GJ-IMT
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
178
GJ-IMT
COMPUTER
Any device capable of processing information to produce a desired result.
No matter how large or small they are, computers typically perform their work in three well-defined steps:(1)
(2)
accepting input,
processing the input according to predefined rules (programs), and producing output.
179
(3)
GJ-IMT
OBJECTIVES OF THIS COURSE

requirements of an organisation.
1. Identify generic management
2. Identify capabilities of computers.

3. Perform suitable experiments.
4. Acquire capability of using: Computers for Management

180
GJ-IMT
GENERIC MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS OF AN ORGANISATION
1. Office automation 2. Techniques of presenting management information.
3. Managing spread sheets pertaining to accounts and other numeric data.

4. Suitable accounting package. 5. Accessing the internet for global business/ advertisement. 6. Networking i.e. LAN and WAN 7. Send and receive information by email, fax etc.
181
GJ-IMT
BLOCK STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS
182
GJ-IMT
BLOCK STRUCTURE OF COMPUTERS

CPU
Primary Memory (RAM) Output Devices
Input Devices
Microprocessor
Secondary Storage Hard Disk
CPU: Central Processing Unit

183
GJ-IMT
BLOCK STRUCTURE OF COMPUTER

Primary Memory (RAM) Output Devices
Input Devices
Keyboard
Mouse
Micro Processor
Monitor
Barcode Scanner
Web Camera Secondary Memory (Hard Disk)
Printer
Projector
CPU
Mother Board
184
GJ-IMT
HOW TO ASSEMBLE A PERSONAL COMPUTER
185
GJ-IMT
186
GJ-IMT
WHAT ARE THE

PHYSICAL COMPONENTS
OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER?
187
GJ-IMT PHYSICAL COMPONENTS FOR ASSEMBLING A PC

1. CPU.
Mother Board Processor and Cooling Fan
Memory (RAM)
Hard Disk (HDD) CD/DVD Writer
2. Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) 3. Input Devices.

Keyboard
Mouse
188
GJ-IMT PHYSICAL COMPONENTS FOR ASSEMBLING A PC

4. Output Devices.
Monitor Printer
5. Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) 6. Connectors

Data Bus connectors for HDD, FDD and CD/DVD writer. Power connectors for UPS, SMPS and Monitor
189
GJ-IMT
TIME CONCEPT WHEN TO OPERATE? FOR WHAT DURATION TO OPERATE? HOW DO WE ACCOUNT FOR TIMINGS?
190
GJ-IMT
THEREFORE, WE NEED A CLOCK

12
ELECTRONIC CLOCK PRECISE CLOCK HIGH SPEED

191
GJ-IMT
DEDUCTIONS
This information forms the basis for design of a Microprocessor. A team of Engineers would be required to design a Microprocessor based on above concepts.
192
GJ-IMT
PHYSICAL COMPONENTS
193
GJ-IMT
MOTHER BOARD
194
GJ-IMT
CPU, HEAT SINK & COOLING FAN

CPU Bottom View
CPU Top View
Heat Sink and Cooling Fan
195
GJ-IMT
RAM
196
GJ-IMT
HARD DISK
197
GJ-IMT
CD/DVD WRITER
198
GJ-IMT
METHOD OF ASSEMBLING A PC
199
GJ-IMT
HOW TO INSTALL OPERATING SYSTEM AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE
200
GJ-IMT
HOW TO SETUP LAN
201
GJ-IMT
202
GJ-IMT
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
203
GJ-IMT
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
A computer system consists of two main parts:

Hardware and Software
Hardware is the electronic and mechanical parts
of a computer system.
Software is the data and the computer programs of a computer system.
204
GJ-IMT
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Computer hardware is divided into three major components:

1. The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
2. Computer memory 3. Input/Output (I/O) devices
205
GJ-IMT
CPU
The CPU comprises of Electronic Circuitry designed to perform basic functions corresponding to the instructions given at the input. An instruction is a combination of 1s and 0s i.e. 5 Volts or 0 Volt.
1. It does the fundamental computing within the system 2. It directly or indirectly controls all the other components
A particular computer will have a particular type of processor The CPU has a limited storage capacity. It relies on memory to hold data and programs and to save results. The CPU consists of:
1. 2. 3. The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU). The Control Unit (CU). Registers.
The CPU components are connected by a group of electrical wires called the CPU bus.
206
GJ-IMT
CPU
The CPU is connected to memory and I/O devices by the System bus The System bus consists of: Address-, Control- and Data-buses.
PC: MAR: MDR: Program Counter Register Memory Address Register Memory Data Register
207
GJ-IMT
COMPUTER HARDWARE
208
GJ-IMT
COMPUTER MEMORY
The main function of computer memory is to store software. Computer memory is divided into primary memory and secondary memory. Primary Memory is divided into Random Access Memory (RAM) and ReadOnly Memory (ROM): RAM holds the programs and data that the processor is actively working with. ROM contains software that is used in Input/Output operations. It also contains software that loads the Operating System in Primary Memory. The Software in ROM is usually called firmware. The CPU can read and write to RAM but it can only read from ROM. RAM is volatile while ROM is not.
Secondary Memory : used for long-term storage of programs and data.

Examples of secondary memory devices are: hard disks, floppy disks and CD ROMs
209
GJ-IMT
PRIMARY MEMORY
A bit (binary digit) is the smallest storage unit within a computer. It is a tiny electrical circuit that can be in one of two states:
1. A voltage high represented by the symbol 1 2. A voltage low represented by the symbol 0
Any system of symbols can be represented by bit patterns. Primary memory is divided into a number of memory cells or bytes.
Each byte has a unique integer address and it is usually 8 bits. 210
GJ-IMT
PRIMARY MEMORY
UNIT
SYMBOL
POWER OF 2
Number of bytes
Byte
2
KB
Kilobyte
2 2 2 2
10
1,024
Megabyte
MB
20
1,048,576
Gigabyte
GB
30
1,073,741,824
Terabyte
TB
40
1,099,511,627,776
211
GJ-IMT
Primary and Secondary Memory Comparison

Secondary memory
Primary memory
Fast Expensive Low capacity Connects directly the processor to
Slow Cheap Large capacity Not connected directly to the processor
212
GJ-IMT
I/O (INPUT/OUTPUT) DEVICES

microphone,
Input devices are used to enter programs and data into a computer.
Examples: keyboard, mouse, scanner, and bar code reader.
Output devices are where program output is shown or is sent.

Examples: monitor, printer, and speaker.
An I/O device is directly connected to the System bus through a device controller.
213
GJ-IMT
214
GJ-IMT
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs and data that a computer uses.

1. 2.
3.
Programs are lists of instructions for the processor Data can be any information that a program needs: character data, numerical data, image data, audio data, etc. Both programs and data are saved in computer memory in the same way.
Computer software is divided into two main categories:

1. Systems software 2. Applications software
System software manages computer resources and makes computers easier to use. An applications software enables a computer user to do a particular task.
215
GJ-IMT
SOFTWARE
System Programs Operating system. Networking system.
Application Programs Word processors Game programs
Spreadsheets
Data base systems Graphics programs
Programming language software.

Web site server.
Web browsers
Data backup.
216
GJ-IMT
OPERATING SYSTEMS
The most important systems program is the operating system. 1. It is a group of programs that coordinates the
operation of all the hardware and software

components of the computer system. 2. It is responsible for starting application programs,
running and finding the resources that they need.

Examples of operating systems are: MS-DOS , Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows XP, Windows 7, Unix, Linux, Solaris, VMS, OS/2 and System 7.
217
GJ-IMT FETCH-DECODE-EXECUTE CYCLE

The CPU continuously transfers data to and from memory.

Data transfer is done in units called instructions or words. When a computer is switched on, the CPU continuously goes through a process called fetchdecode-execute cycle:
1. The Control Unit fetches the current instruction from memory, decodes it and instructs the ALU to execute the instruction.
The execution of an instruction may generate further data fetches from memory The result of executing an instruction is stored in either a 218 register or RAM
1. 1.
GJ-IMT
FETCH-DECODE-EXECUTE CYCLE (CONTD)
Main Memory 1 Fetch

cpu
Control Unit 2 Decode
RAM
4 Store
3 Execute
Arithmetic/Logic Unit
219
GJ-IMT
LAN FOR OFFICE REQUIREMENTS
220
GJ-IMT
ETHERNET BASED LAN
1. The Ethernet is the international standard
networking technology for wired implementations.

2. 802.3 is a standard specification for Ethernet, a
method of physical communication in a local area

network (LAN), which is maintained by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). 3. Ethernet is the most widely-installed local area network ( LAN) technology.
221
GJ-IMT
ETHERNET BASED LAN
Specified in a standard, IEEE 802.3, Ethernet was originally developed by Xerox from an earlier specification called Alohanet (for the Palo Alto Research Center Aloha network) and then developed further by Xerox, DEC, and Intel. An Ethernet LAN typically uses coaxial cable or special grades of twisted pair wires. Ethernet is also used in wireless LANs. The most commonly installed Ethernet systems are called 10BASE-T and provide transmission speeds up to 10 Mbps. Devices are connected to the cable and compete for access using a Carrier Sense Multiple 222 Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD ) protocol.
GJ-IMT
INTRODUCTION TO PROBLEM ANALYSIS
223
GJ-IMT
PROBLEM ANALYSIS
Computer software is a set of computer programs.
Before writing a program, one must first plan the

program. That is, to write a correct and effective computer program we must first plan its logic. If we attempt to plan the logic and write the program at the same time, we are likely to become so involved
with the required instruction formats that program

logic will suffer. Hence, before learning how to write a computer program we will first learn how to plan its logic.
224
GJ-IMT PURPOSE OF PROGRAM PLANNING

If you were asked to solve a mathematical problem and you are not familiar with the steps involved in solving the problem, you will not be able to solve it. Similarly, a programmer can not write the instructions for a computer to execute unless the programmer knows how to solve the problem manually. To produce an effective computer program it is necessary to write every instruction in the correct sequence.
The instruction sequence (logic) of a computer program may be very

complex. Hence, to ensure that the instructions of a program are appropriate for the problem at hand and are in the correct sequence, we must plan the program before writing it.
225
GJ-IMT MAIN SECTIONS OF A COMPUTER PROGRAM

1. Menu and Options. These would specify as to

what exactly is to be the scope of the program. 2. Data Input for Each Option. 3. Corresponding Data Output for each option. 4. Whether the program is to be developed as a website.
226
GJ-IMT
ALGORITHM
227
GJ-IMT
ALGORITHM
Planning a program involves defining its logic ie the correct sequence of instructions needed to solve the problem at hand.
The term Algorithm refers to the logic of a program. It is a step-by-step description of how to arrive at a solution to a given problem.
It is defined as a sequence of instructions that when

executed in the specified sequence, the desired results are obtained.
228
GJ-IMT
ALGORITHM
In order to qualify as an algorithm, a sequence of instructions must posses the following characteristics:
1. 2. Each instruction should be precise and unambiguous. Each instruction should be executed in a finite time.
3.
One or more instructions should not be repeated

infinitely. This ensures that the program will finally terminate.
4.
After executing the instructions (when the algorithm

terminates), the desired results are obtained.
229
GJ-IMT
ALGORITHM: DEFINITION
A precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem.
230
GJ-IMT
ALGORITHM
A procedure or set of rules for calculation or problem-solving,
now especially with a computer.

In mathematics, computing, linguistics, and related subjects, an algorithm is a finite sequence of instructions, an explicit, step-by-step procedure for solving a problem, often used for calculation and data processing. It is formally a type of effective method in which a list of welldefined instructions for completing a task, will when given an initial state, proceed through a well-defined series of successive states, eventually terminating in an end-state. The transition from one state to the next is not necessarily
deterministic; some algorithms, known as probabilistic

algorithms, incorporate randomness.
231
GJ-IMT
REPRESENTATION OF ALGORITHM
232
GJ-IMT REPRESENTATION OF ALGORITHM

There are various ways to represent an algorithm. The commonly used ones are:1. As programs
2.
3.
As flowcharts
As pseudo codes
An algorithm represented in the form of a programming language is a program. Hence any program is an algorithm, although the reverse is not true.
233
GJ-IMT REPRESENTATION OF ALGORITHM

Other than programs, the use of flow charts and pseudo
codes is also common for representation of algorithm.

They are frequently used by programmers for program planning. Programmers often find them of immense help in developing effective and correct algorithms for their
programs before coding them in programming

languages. To plan their programs, programmers generally select
one of them depending on their choice.

234
GJ-IMT
ALGORITHM: EXAMPLES
235
GJ-IMT
SORTING ALGORITHM EXAMPLES
Bubble Sort Exchange two adjacent elements if they are out of order. Repeat until array is sorted. Selection Sort
Find the largest element in the array, and put it in the proper place.
Repeat until array is sorted.
Insertion Sort
Scan successive elements for out of order item, then insert the item in the proper place.
236
GJ-IMT
SORTING ALGORITHM EXAMPLES
Quicksort

Partition array into two segments. The first segment all elements are less than or equal to the pivot value. The second segment all elements are greater or equal to the pivot value. Sort the two segments recursively. Start from two sorted runs of length 1, merge into a single run of twice the length. Repeat until a single sorted run is left.
Mergesort
237
GJ-IMT
FLOW CHART
238
GJ-IMT HOW PROGRAMS ARE DEVELOPED

During the development stage of a new system, a decision
is made as to whether to buy commercially available

software or write new programs in-house. If the decision is made to write it in-house, or to modify commercially available software, a series of 5 steps is begun,
The first two of which lead up to a defined solution to a business problem, and are closely related to the business and the people in it. The last three steps those cover the actual writing and testing of the program and are related to a specific programming language.
239
GJ-IMT
PROGRAM STEPS
240
GJ-IMT
STEP 1: DEFINING THE PROBLEM
The first step in creating a new program is to define exactly what
problem it is intended to solve.

One way to do this is to have the end-users, or clients, describe exactly what the output should look like. Perhaps it should be a report that shows sales by region or an invoice listing products ordered. Whatever form it takes, defining the output automatically establishes two other parts of the definition: the required inputs and processing. If an invoice is the desired output, then the program needs input from the database listing company products and prices and a customer list of names and addresses.
241
GJ-IMT STEP 2: DESIGNING THE SOLUTION

The parties affected by a proposed program or change in a program
usually have a shopping list of things they want to see happen.

There is almost never such a thing as the "ideal" design. During the design phase, programmers sort through the various
possibilities and attempt to come up with the most elegant solution.

This process isn't done in their heads. Designers, like the rest of us, need to keep notes and have a way to describe their designs to others. There are many techniques used at this stage, including flowcharts and pseudocode.
242
GJ-IMT
FLOW CHART
Flowcharts
A flowchart is a graphical way of illustrating the steps in a process. It uses symbols connected by flowlines to represent processes and the direction of flow within the program.
243
GJ-IMT
FLOW CHARTS
Some of the key symbols used include:

The termination symbol (the oval) indicates the start and stop of
every algorithm. The decision symbol (the diamond) indicates that a decision is
to be made by an IF-THEN-ELSE statement. The program takes

one direction when the condition is true and another direction when the condition is false. The process symbol (the rectangle) indicates a calculation required by the algorithm. The input/output symbol (the parallelogram) indicates that information is to be entered or output. The connector symbol (the circle) brings together two branches of the program.
244
GJ-IMT
FLOW CHART SYMBOLS
245
FLOW CHART GJ-IMT

SYMBOLS
Standard Flowchart Symbols Flowcharts use special shapes to
represent different
types of actions or steps in a process. Lines and arrows show the sequence of the steps, and the relationships among them.
246
Work & Leadership Diagram Shapes Life Audit Flow Flowcharts use special shapes to represent different types of actions or steps in a process. Lines and arrows show the sequence of the steps, and the relationships among them.
GJ-IMT
FLOW CHART SYMBOLS
247
GJ-IMT
FLOW CHART
input/output
process
output
248
GJ-IMT
FLOW CHART
249
GJ-IMT
FLOW CHART
Basic Flowchart Symbols
This paper provides a visual representation of basic flowchart symbols and their proposed usage in communicating the structure of a welldeveloped web site, as well as their correlation in developing on-line instructional projects. A typical flowchart from older Computer Science textbooks may have the following kinds of symbols:
Start and end symbols, represented as lozenges, ovals or rounded rectangles, usually containing the word "Start" or "End", or another phrase signalling the start or end of a process, such as "submit enquiry" or "receive product". Arrows, showing what's called "flow of control" in computer science. An arrow coming from one symbol and ending at another symbol represents that control passes to the symbol the arrow points to. Processing steps, represented as rectangles. Examples: "Add 1 to X"; 250 "replace identified part"; "save changes" or similar.
GJ-IMT
FLOW CHART
Input/Output, represented as a parallelogram. Examples: Get X from the user; display X. Conditional (or decision), represented as a diamond (rhombus). These typically contain a Yes/No question or True/False test. This symbol is unique in that it has two arrows coming out of it, usually from the bottom point and right point, one corresponding to Yes or True, and one corresponding to No or False. The arrows should always be labelled. More than two arrows can be used, but this is normally a clear indicator that a complex decision is being taken, in which case it may need to be broken-down further, or replaced with the "pre-defined
process" symbol.
251
GJ-IMT
FLOW CHART
A number of other symbols that have less universal currency, such as: A Document represented as a rectangle with a wavy base;
A Manual input represented by rectangle, with the top

irregularly sloping up from left to right. An example would be to signify data-entry from a form;
A Manual operation represented by a trapezoid with the

longest parallel side upmost, to represent an operation or adjustment to process that can only be made manually.
A Data File represented by a cylinder

252
GJ-IMT
FLOW CHART
Flowcharts may contain other symbols, such as connectors, usually represented as circles, to represent converging paths in the flow chart. Circles will have more than one arrow coming into them but only one going out. Some flow charts may just have an arrow point to another arrow instead. These are useful to represent an iterative process (what in Computer Science is called a loop).
A loop may, for example, consist of a connector where control first enters, processing steps, a conditional with one arrow exiting the loop, and one going back to the connector.
Off-page connectors are often used to signify a connection to a (part of a) process held on another sheet or screen.
253
GJ-IMT
FLOW CHART
A flowchart is described as "cross-functional" when the page is divided into different "lanes" describing the control of different organizational chart units. A symbol appearing
in a particular "lane" is within the control of that

organizational unit. This technique allows the analyst to locate the
responsibility for performing an action or making a

decision correctly, allowing the relationship between different organizational units with responsibility over a single process.
254
FLOW CHART GJ-IMT

SYMBOLS
Standard Flowchart Symbols Flowcharts use special shapes to
represent different
types of actions or steps in a process. Lines and arrows show the sequence of the steps, and the relationships among them.
255
Work & Leadership Diagram Shapes Life Audit Flow Flowcharts use special shapes to represent different types of actions or steps in a process. Lines and arrows show the sequence of the steps, and the relationships among them.
GJ-IMT
FLOW CHART SYMBOLS
256
GJ-IMT
PSEUDOCODE
257
GJ-IMT
PSEUDOCODE
Pseudocode is simply an Englishlanguage-like way of writing
programming code.
In many ways it is like an annotated outline that you might prepare for a report. It is much more precise than a written description of a process and much less precise than the actual code that follows. Each step in the program is described with almost the same level of detail that will be used in the final program. However, unlike the final code, pseudocode doesn't require exact syntax so the programmer is able to focus more on the bigger picture.
258
GJ-IMT
PSEUDOCODE
Calculate monthly bonus:

Repeat for all employees Set S to Total Sales
Set E to Total Expenses

Net Sales is S-E If Net Sales less then Bonus is 0 Else
Bonus is 5% of Net Sales

End Repeat
259
GJ-IMT STEP 3: CODING THE PROGRAM

Once the design phase is finished, code is written so the
program provides the solutions defined during the design

phase. At this point a programming language such as BASIC, COBOL, C++, or Java must be chosen.
260
GJ-IMT
REAL CODING IN BASIC
Sub CalcBonus
For I = 1 to NumOfEmployees
S = Emp(i).Sales E = Emp(i).Expenses
NetSales = S - E
If NetSales < 10000 then Emp(i).Bonus = 0
Else
Emp(i).Bonus = Netsales /20 End if
Next i
End CalcBonus
261
GJ-IMT STEP 4: TESTING THE RESULTS

After all the analysis, design, and programming, the chances are
the program won't work the way it was intended to.

This is normal and expected because there are too many places where problems might be overlooked or mistakes introduced. During the testing and debugging phase, testers and selected end-users look for bugs, or things that make a program fail. This can be a massive task. As Windows NT was nearing completion, Microsoft fixed over 1,000 bugs in a single week. As they were doing so, another 700 were discovered. Fixing one bug can create new ones somewhere else in the program.
262
GJ-IMT
STEP 5: DOCUMENTING THE FINISHED PRODUCT
When writing a new program or modifying an existing one, it's
important to keep a permanent record of what was done.

This writing a description of a program or a change is called documenting the program. Programs need to be documented for three separate groups.
End-users need documentation telling them how to operate the program. For this group, documentation might be a manual or the on-line help system. Technical support people need documentation that helps them set up the program, find errors, and fix problems. Programmers need documentation so they can revise or update the
program later. This documentation includes a description of the program,

both written and in the program itself, flowcharts and other tools used in its creation and notes about changes.
263
GJ-IMT
HIGH LEVEL AND LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES
264
GJ-IMT
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
265
GJ-IMT
INTRODUCTION TO HIGH LEVEL AND LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES
266
GJ-IMT
1. We are the masters and computers are our working hands. 2. We want the computers to do our job. 3. We must have some language to tell the machine what to do and how to do. 4. Computers understand only machine language which comprises of combinations of 1s and 0s. 5. Each combination is called an instruction. A series of instructions makes a computer program. 6. All such combinations used by the manufacturers are listed in their documents in the form of instruction sets.
7. There is separate instruction set for each type of machine.

267
GJ-IMT
1. Programming languages are required for human beings so that computers can be told to do our work. 2. Different languages are required because there is no single language so far which is capable of handling all types of requirements with equal efficiency. 3. Each language allows general functions but is capable of handling some particular requirement more efficiently.
268
GJ-IMT
Every Programming Language must provide methods

for:-
1. Displaying instructions/information on the screen. 2. Receiving input from user. 3. Storing temporary user information in variables in primary memory. 4. Creating data structures for storing complex information in suitable form for convenient handling. 5. Doing computations. 6. Handling strings. 7. Storing permanent information on secondary storage. 8. Facility of printing information. 9. Communication between different modules of the program. 269
GJ-IMT
HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES
Characteristics These are closer to spoken English.
Require less time for programming. Require less effort for programming. Easier to learn. Suitable for writing large programs. Limitations Slow in handling machine level instructions. May not be suitable for real time applications. Comparatively less suitable for embedded system applications.
270
GJ-IMT
LOW LEVEL LANGUAGES

These are closer to machine instructions. Fast in handling machine level instructions. Suitable for Real Time applications. Suitable for Embedded System applications.
Characteristics
Limitations Require intricate knowledge of underlying
hardware.
Require more effort for programming. Difficult to learn. Unsuitable for writing large programs.
271
GJ-IMT
EXAMPLES OF WRITING CODE IN PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
272
GJ-IMT
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
;This program generates square waves on ;Port 1 Pin 1 and ;Port 1 Pin 2 of Microcontroller ATMEL AT89S53 ORG LJMP 00 MainLoop
MainLoop:
SetB SetB NOP NOP

Clr Clr NOP NOP SJMP
P1.1 P1.2
P1.1 P1.2
MainLoop
273
GJ-IMT ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM

LOC OBJ
LINE 1 2 3 4 5 MainLoop: 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
0000 0000 020003 0003 0003 D291 0005 D292 0007 00 0008 00 0009 C291 000B C292 000D 00 000E 00 000F 80F2
SOURCE ;This program generates square waves on ;Port 1 Pin 1 and Port 1 Pin 2 of ; Microcontroller ATMEL AT89S53 ORG 00 LJMP MainLoop
SetB P1.1 SetB P1.2 NOP NOP Clr P1.1 Clr P1.2 NOP NOP SJMP MainLoop end
274
GJ-IMT
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
; name hi-world ; this example prints out "hello world!" ; by writing directly to video memory. ; in vga memory: first byte is ascii character, ; byte that follows is character attribute. ; if you change the second byte, ; you can change the color of ; the character even after it is printed. ; character attribute is 8 bit value,
275
GJ-IMT
ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
; character attribute is 8 bit value, ; high 4 bits set background color and low 4 bits set foreground color. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; hex 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f bin 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 color ; black blue green cyan red magenta brown light gray dark gray light blue light green light cyan light red light magenta yellow white org 100h
276
GJ-IMT
; set video mode mov ax, 3 ; text mode 80x25, 16 colors, 8 pages (ah=0, al=3) int 10h ; do it! ; cancel blinking and enable all 16 colors: mov ax, 1003h mov bx, 0int 10h
; set segment register: mov ax, 0b800h mov ds, ax

; print "hello world" , ; first byte is ascii code, second byte is color code. mov [02h], h mov [04h], e mov [06h], l mov [08h], l mov [0ah], o mov [0ch], mov [0eh], w mov [10h], o mov [12h], r mov [14h], l mov [16h], d mov [18h], !
277
GJ-IMT ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE PROGRAM

; color all characters: mov cx, 12 ; number of characters. mov di, 03h ; start from byte after 'h' C: mov add loop mov int ret [di], 11101100b ; light red(1100) on yellow(1110) di, 2 ; skip over next ascii code in vga memory. C ; wait for any key press: ah, 0 16h
278
GJ-IMT
PERL
Nature: scripting language History: Perl (Practical Extracting and Report Language) was created by Larry Wall in 1987. Intended to replace the Unix shell, Sed, and Awk. Used in CGI scripts.
Hello World example print "Hello World\n"; format: free form
279
GJ-IMT
PASCAL PROGRAM
PROGRAM HelloWorld (OUTPUT);
BEGIN WRITELN('Hello World'); END.
format: free form; block structured

280
GJ-IMT
PASCAL PROGRAM
program MultiplyTwoNumbers(Input,Output); var FirstNumber: integer; SecondNumber: integer; Result:integer; begin write( 'Enter First Number : '); readln(FirstNumber); write( 'Enter Second Number : '); readln(SecondNumber); Result := FirstNumber*SecondNumber; writeln; writeln('Hello World:'); writeln( FirstNumber, ' x ', SecondNumber, ' = ', Result); readln;
281
GJ-IMT
C PROGRAM
#include <stdio.h>
main() { printf("Hello World\n"); }
format: free form

282
GJ-IMT
C++
#include <iostream.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { cout << "Hello World" << endl; return 0; }
format: free form
283
GJ-IMT
ADA
with Ada.Text_IO; use Ada.Text_IO; procedure HelloWorld is begin Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line("Hello World"); end HelloWorld;
284
GJ-IMT
ALGOL
BEGIN OUTSTRING(2, "Hello World"); END.
285
GJ-IMT
COBOL
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. HelloWorld. AUTHOR. Milo. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. CONFIGURATION SECTION. INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION. DATA DIVISION. FILE SECTION. WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. LINKAGE SECTION. PROCEDURE DIVISION. DISPLAY "Hello World". STOP RUN.
format: columns
286
GJ-IMT
COBOL
Basic Parts: four Divisions

1. Identification Division: Identifies the name of the program and the programmer. 2. Environment Division: Specification of hardware and files used. 3. Data Division: Declaration of constants, variables, data structures, and file formats. 4. Procedure Division: Executable source code.
287
GJ-IMT
FORTRAN
PROGRAM HELLO WRITE(UNIT=*, FMT=*) 'Hello World'
END
288
GJ-IMT
JAVA
import java.applet.*; import java.awt.*;

Public class HelloWorld extends Applet { public void paint(Graphics g) { g.drawstring("Hello World".,10,10); } }
Format: Free form

289
GJ-IMT
JAVA APPLET
1. An applet is a software component that

runs in the context of another program. 2. An applet usually performs a very narrow function that has no independent use. 3. Hence it is an Application let.
290
GJ-IMT
SOFTWARE
291
GJ-IMT
SOFTWARE
Software is the programs and data that a computer uses.

1. 2.
3.
Programs are lists of instructions for the processor Data can be any information that a program needs: character data, numerical data, image data, audio data, etc. Both programs and data are saved in computer memory in the same way.
Computer software is divided into two main categories:

1. 2. Systems software Applications software
System software manages computer resources and makes computers easier to use. An applications software enables a computer user to do a particular task.
292
GJ-IMT
SOFTWARE
System Programs Operating system. Networking system.
Application Programs Word processors Game programs
Spreadsheets
Data base systems Graphics programs
Programming language software.

Web site server.
Web browsers
Data backup.
293
GJ-IMT
OPERATING SYSTEMS
The most important systems program is the operating system.

1. It is a group of programs that coordinates the operation of all the hardware and software components of the computer system. It is responsible for starting application programs running and finding the resources that they need
2.
Examples of operating systems are: Unix, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows XP, MS-DOS, Linux, Solaris, VMS, OS/2 and System 7. 294
GJ-IMT
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
295
GJ-IMT
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
System Software
Refers to the operating system and all utility programs that manage computer resources at a low level. Software is generally divided into
systems software and
applications software.
Applications software comprises programs designed for an end user, such as
word processors,
database systems, and spreadsheet programs.
Systems software includes compilers, loaders, linkers, and debuggers.

296
GJ-IMT
SYSTEM SOFTWARE
System Software
Refers to the operating system and all utility programs that manage computer resources at a low level. Software is generally divided into
systems software and applications software.
Applications software comprises programs designed for an end user, such as

word processors, database systems, and spreadsheet programs.
Systems software includes compilers, loaders, linkers, and debuggers.

297
GJ-IMT
OPERATING SYSTEM
The 1960s definition of an operating system is the software that controls the hardware.
However, today, due to microcode we need a better definition.
We see an operating system as the programs that make the hardware useable.
In brief, an operating system is the set of programs that controls a computer. Some examples of operating systems are UNIX, Mach, MS-DOS, MS-Windows, Windows/NT, Chicago, OS/2, MacOS, VMS, MVS, and VM.
298
GJ-IMT
OPERATING SYSTEM
Controlling the computer involves software at several levels. We will differentiate kernel services, library services, and application-level services, all of which are part of the operating system. Processes run Applications, which are linked together with libraries that perform standard services. The kernel: supports the processes by providing a path to the peripheral devices.
The kernel responds to: service calls from the processes and interrupts from the devices.
299
GJ-IMT
OPERATING SYSTEM
The core of the operating system is: the kernel (The nucleus, core, or centre of something), a control program that functions in privileged state (an execution context that allows all hardware instructions to be executed), reacting to interrupts from external devices and to service requests and traps from processes.
Generally,
the kernel is a permanent resident of the computer.
It creates
and terminates processes
and responds to their request for service.

300
GJ-IMT
OPERATING SYSTEM
Operating Systems are resource managers. The main resource is computer hardware in the form of processors, storage, input/output devices, communication devices, and data. Some of the operating system functions are:
implementing the user interface, sharing hardware among users, allowing users to share data among themselves, preventing users from interfering with one another, scheduling resources among users, facilitating input/output, recovering from errors, accounting for resource usage, facilitating parallel operations, organizing data for secure and rapid access, and handling network communications.
301
GJ-IMT
OPERATING SYSTEM
Objectives of Operating Systems

Modern Operating systems generally have following three major goals. Operating systems generally accomplish these goals by running processes in low privilege and providing service calls that invoke the operating system kernel in highprivilege state. 1. To hide details of hardware by creating abstraction.
2. 3. An abstraction is software that hides lower level details and provides a set of higher-level functions. An operating system transforms: the physical world of devices, instructions, memory, and time into virtual world that is the result of abstractions built by the operating system.
There are several reasons for abstraction.

302
GJ-IMT
OPERATING SYSTEM
There are several reasons for abstraction.

First, the code needed to control peripheral devices is not standardized. Operating systems provide subroutines called device drivers that perform operations on behalf of programs for example, input/output operations. Second, the operating system introduces new functions as it abstracts the hardware. For instance, operating system introduces the file abstraction so that programs do not have to deal with disks.
303
GJ-IMT
OPERATING SYSTEM

There are several reasons for abstraction. Third, the operating system transforms the computer hardware into multiple virtual computers, each belonging to a different program.
Each program that is running is called a process. Each process views the hardware through the lens of abstraction.
Fourth, the operating system can enforce security through abstraction.

304
GJ-IMT
OPERATING SYSTEM
To allocate resources to processes (Manage resources) An operating system controls how processes (the active agents) may access resources (passive entities). Provide a pleasant and effective user interface The user interacts with the operating systems through the user interface and usually interested in the look and feel of the operating system. The most important components of the user interface are the command interpreter, the file system, on-line help, and application integration. The recent trend has been toward increasingly integrated graphical user interfaces that encompass the activities of multiple processes on networks of computers.
305
GJ-IMT
INTERNET ACCESS
306
GJ-IMT
INTERNET ACCESS
Introduction to www, Internet and intranet Creation of E-mail address Send & receive messages
Use of search engines

Delivering information with Microsoft Mail Use of MS Outlook/Outlook Express
307
GJ-IMT
INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET
308
GJ-IMT
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.
309
GJ-IMT
Most traditional communications media including
telephone,
music, film, and
television
are reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and IPTV. Newspaper, book and other print publishing are adapting to Web site technology, or are reshaped into blogging and web feeds.
A web feed (or news feed) is a data format used for providing users with frequently updated content.
310
GJ-IMT
The Internet has enabled or accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Online shopping has boomed both for major retail outlets and
small artisans and traders.

Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries.
311
GJ-IMT
INTRODUCTION TO WWW
312
GJ-IMT
INTRODUCTION TO WWW
The World Wide Web, abbreviated as WWW or W3 and commonly known as the Web, is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet.
With a web browser,

one can view web pages that may contain text,
images,
videos, and other multimedia
and navigate between them via hyperlinks.

313
GJ-IMT
INTRODUCTION TO WWW
Using concepts from earlier hypertext systems, British engineer and computer scientist Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium ( W3C is the main international standards organization for the World Wide Web), wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web. At CERN (Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire: European
Organization for Nuclear Research)
in Geneva, Switzerland, Berners-
Lee and Belgian computer scientist Robert Cailliau proposed in

1990 to use "HyperText ... to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will", and publicly introduced the project in December.
314
GJ-IMT
INTRODUCTION TO WWW
The term WWW refers to the World Wide Web or simply the Web. The World Wide Web consists of all the public Web sites connected to the Internet worldwide, including the client devices (such as computers and cell phones) that access Web content. The WWW is just one of many applications of the Internet and computer networks. The World Wide Web is based on these technologies: HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol HTML - Hypertext Markup Language
Web servers and Web browsers

315
GJ-IMT
HTTP
Short for HyperText Transfer Protocol, the underlying protocol used by the World Wide Web. HTTP defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers should take in response to various commands.
For example,
when you enter a URL in your browser, this actually sends an HTTP command to the Web server
directing it to fetch and transmit the requested Web page.

316
GJ-IMT
HTML
The other main standard that controls how the World Wide Web works is HTML, which covers how Web pages are formatted and displayed.
HTTP is called a stateless protocol

because each command is executed independently, without any knowledge of the commands that came before it. This is the main reason that it is difficult to implement Web sites that react intelligently to user input. This shortcoming of HTTP is being addressed in a number of new technologies, including ActiveX, Java, JavaScript and cookies.
317
GJ-IMT
FTP
FTP is an acronym for File Transfer Protocol. As the name suggests, FTP is used to transfer files between computers on a network.
You can use FTP to exchange files between computer accounts, transfer files between an account and a desktop computer, or access online software archives.
Keep in mind, however, that many FTP sites are heavily used and require several attempts before connecting.
318
GJ-IMT
INTRODUCTION TO WWW
Researcher Tim Berners-Lee led the development of the original World Wide Web in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He helped build prototypes of the above Web technologies and coined the term WWW. Web sites and Web browsing exploded in popularity
during the mid-1990s.
319
GJ-IMT
INTERNET AND INTRANET
320
GJ-IMT
An intranet is a
private computer network

that uses Internet Protocol technology to securely share any part of an organization's information or network operating system within that organization.
The term is used in contrast to internet,

a network between organizations, and instead refers to a network within an organization. Sometimes the term refers only to the organization's internal website, but may be a more extensive part of the organization's information technology infrastructure. It may host multiple private websites and constitute an important component and focal point of internal communication and collaboration.
321
GJ-IMT
Any of the well known Internet protocols may be found in an intranet, such as HTTP (web services), SMTP (e-mail), and FTP (file transfer protocol). Internet technologies are often deployed to provide modern interfaces to legacy information systems hosting corporate data. An intranet can be understood as a private analog of the Internet, or as a private extension of the Internet confined to an organization. The first intranet websites and home pages began to appear in organizations in 1996-1997. Although not officially noted, the term intranet first became common-place among early adopters, such as universities and technology corporations, in 1992.
322
GJ-IMT
Intranets have also contrasted with extranets. While intranets are generally restricted to employees of
the organization,
extranets may also be accessed by customers, suppliers, or other approved parties.
Extranets extend a private network onto the

Internet with special provisions for authentication, authorization and accounting
(AAA protocol).
323
GJ-IMT
Intranets may provide a gateway to the Internet by means of a network gateway with a firewall, shielding the intranet from unauthorized external access. The gateway often also implements
user authentication, encryption of messages, and often virtual private network (VPN) connectivity for off-site employees to access company information, computing resources and internal communication.
324
GJ-IMT
CREATION OF E-MAIL ADDRESS
325
GJ-IMT
CREATION OF E-MAIL ADDRESS
- Lab work.
326
GJ-IMT
SEND AND RECEIVE E-MAIL MESSAGES
327
GJ-IMT
SEND & RECEIVE MESSAGES
- Lab work.
328
GJ-IMT
USE OF SEARCH ENGINES

URL:
http://www.learnwebskills.com/search/engines.html
329
GJ-IMT
A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web and FTP servers. The search results are generally presented in a list of
results and are often called hits.

The information may consist of
web pages,
images,
information and
other types of files.
330
GJ-IMT
Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. (A directory service is software which stores and organizes information about a computer network's users and network resources
and which allows network administrators to manage users' access to

the resources.) Unlike web directories, which are maintained by human editors, search engines operate algorithmically or are a mixture of algorithmic and human input.
331
GJ-IMT
HOW WEB SEARCH ENGINES WORK
A search engine operates, in the following order 1. Web crawling 2. Indexing 3. Searching.
Web search engines work by storing information about many web pages, which they retrieve from the html itself.
These pages are retrieved by a Web crawler (sometimes also known as a spider) an automated Web browser which follows every link on the site. Exclusions can be made by the use of robots.txt. Robots.txt is a text (not html) file you put on your site to tell search robots which pages you would like them not to visit. Robots.txt is by no means mandatory for search engines but generally search engines obey what they are asked not to do. 332
GJ-IMT
The contents of each page are then analyzed to determine how it should be indexed (for example, words are extracted from the titles, headings, or special fields called
meta tags).
Data about web pages are stored in an index database for use in later queries. A query can be a single word. The purpose of an index is to allow information to be found as quickly as possible.
333
GJ-IMT
Some search engines, such as Google, store all or part of the source page (referred to as a cache) as well as information about the web pages, whereas others, such as
AltaVista, store every word of every page they find.

This cached page always holds the actual search text since it is the one that was actually indexed, so it can be very useful when the content of the current page has been updated and the search terms are no longer in it.
334
GJ-IMT
This problem might be considered to be a mild form of linkrot, and Google's handling of it increases usability by satisfying user expectations that the search terms will be on the returned webpage.
Link rot (or linkrot) is an informal term for the process by which, either on individual websites or the Internet in general,
increasing numbers of links point to web pages, servers or other

resources that have become permanently unavailable. A link that does not work any more is called a broken link, dead link or dangling link.
335
GJ-IMT
This satisfies the principle of least astonishment since the user normally expects the search terms to be on the returned pages.
The Principle of Least Astonishment states that the result of performing some operation should be obvious, consistent, and predictable, based upon the name of the
operation and other clues.

Increased search relevance makes these cached pages very useful, even beyond the fact that they may contain
data that may no longer be available elsewhere.

336
GJ-IMT
Search engines are very different from subject directories. While humans organize and catalog subject directories, search engines rely on computer programs called spiders or robots to crawl the Web and log the words on each page.
With a search engine, keywords related to a topic are typed into a

search "box." The search engine scans its database and returns a file with links to
websites containing the word or words specified.

Because these databases are very large, search engines often return thousands of results. Without search strategies or techniques, finding what you need can be like finding a needle in a haystack.
337
GJ-IMT
To use search engines effectively, it is essential to apply techniques that narrow results and push the most relevant pages to the top of the results list.
Below are a number of strategies for boosting search

engine performance.
When a "practice" link appears, click on the link to

practice the technique with AltaVista's search engine.
338
GJ-IMT
Identify KEYWORDS
When conducting a search, break down the topic into key concepts. For example, to find information on what the FCC has said about the wireless communications
industry, the keywords might be:

FCC wireless communication
339
GJ-IMT
Boolean AND Connecting search terms with AND tells the search engine to retrieve web pages containing ALL the keywords. FCC and wireless and communication The search engine will not return pages with just the word FCC. Neither will it return pages with the word FCC and the word wireless.
The search engine will only return pages where the words FCC,
wireless, and communication all appear somewhere on the page.
Thus, AND helps to narrow your search results as it limits results to
pages where all the keywords appear.

340
GJ-IMT
Boolean OR
Linking search terms with OR tells the search engine to retrieve web pages containing ANY and ALL keywords.
(FCC or wireless or communication) When OR is used, the search engine returns pages with a single keyword, several keywords, and all keywords. Thus, OR expands your search results. Use OR when you have common synonyms for a keyword. Surround OR statements with parentheses for best results. To narrow results as much as possible, combine OR statements with AND statements. For example, the following search statement locates information on purchasing a used car: (car or automobile or vehicle) and (buy or purchase) and used
341
GJ-IMT
Boolean AND NOT AND NOT tells the search engine to retrieve web pages containing one keyword but not the other. dolphins and not Miami
The above example instructs the search engine to return web pages about dolphins but not web pages about the "Miami Dolphins" football team.
Use AND NOT when you have a keyword that has multiple meanings. The need for AND NOT often becomes apparent after you perform an initial search. If your search results contain irrelevant results (e.g., Saturn the car rather than Saturn the planet), consider using AND NOT to filter out the undesired websites.
342
GJ-IMT
Implied Boolean: PLUS & MINUS In many search engines, the plus and minus symbols can be used as alternatives to full Boolean AND and AND NOT. The plus sign (+) is the equivalent of AND, and the minus sign (-) is the equivalent of AND NOT. There is no space between the plus or minus sign and the keyword. NOTE: AltaVista's Simple Search requires the use of plus and minus rather than AND, OR, and AND NOT.
+welding +process
+Saturn -car couch sofa IMPORTANT: Use AltaVista's Simple Search for implied Boolean (+/-) searches, and use AltaVista's Advanced Search for full Boolean (AND, OR, AND NOT) searches. 343
GJ-IMT
Surrounding a group of words with double quotes tells the search engine to only retrieve documents in which those words appear sideby-side. Phrase searching is a powerful search technique for significantly narrowing your search results, and it should be used as often as possible. "John F. Kennedy" "Walt Disney World" "global warming" For best results, combine phrase searching with implied Boolean (+/) or full Boolean (AND, OR, and AND NOT) logic. +"heart disease" +cause "heart disease" and cause The above example tells the search engine to retrieve pages where the words heart disease appear side-by-side and the word cause appears somewhere else on the page.
344
GJ-IMT
NOTE ON IMPLIED BOOLEAN LOGIC (+/-): When a phrase search is combined with additional keywords using implied Boolean logic (+/-), you must put a plus or
minus sign before the phrase as well as the other

keywords. If the search involves a phrase with no additional
keywords (e.g., "Walt Disney World"), the plus sign

before the quotes is optional.
345
GJ-IMT
PLURAL FORMS, CAPITAL LETTERS, AND ALTERNATE SPELLINGS Most search engines interpret lower case letters as either upper or lower case.
Thus, if you want both upper and lower case occurrences returned, type your keywords in all lower case letters.
However, if you want to limit your results to initial capital letters (e.g., "George Washington") or all upper case letters, type your keywords that way. Like capitalization, most search engines interpret singular keywords as singular or plural. If you want plural forms only, make your keywords plural.
346
GJ-IMT
PLURAL FORMS, CAPITAL LETTERS, AND ALTERNATE SPELLINGS A few search engines support truncation or wildcard
features that allow variations in spelling or word forms.

The asterisk (*) symbol tells the search engine to return alternate spellings for a word at the point that the asterisk appears. For example, capital* returns web pages with capital,
capitals, capitalize, and capitalization.

347
GJ-IMT
TITLE Search Field searching is one of the most effective techniques for narrowing results and getting the most relevant websites listed at the top of the results page.
A web page is composed of a number of fields, such as title, domain, host, URL, and link.
Searching effectiveness increases as you combine field searches with phrase searches and Boolean logic. For example, if you wanted to find information about George Washington and his wife Martha, you could try the following search:
+title:"George Washington" +President +Martha

title:"George Washington" and President and Martha 348
GJ-IMT
TITLE Search
The above TITLE SEARCH example instructs the search engine to return web pages where the phrase George
Washington appears in the title and the words President

and Martha appear somewhere on the page. Like plus and minus, there is no space between the colon (:) and the keyword.
349
GJ-IMT
Domain Search
In addition to the title search, other helpful field searching strategies include the domain search, the host search, the link search, and the URL search. The DOMAIN SEARCH allows you to limit results to certain domains such as websites from the United Kingdom (.uk), educational institutions (.edu), or government sites (.gov). +domain:uk +title:"Queen Elizabeth"
domain:uk and title:"Queen Elizabeth"

+domain:edu +"lung cancer" +smok* domain:edu and "lung cancer" and smok*
350
GJ-IMT
Domain Search
The current U.S. domains are the following: .com = a commercial business
.edu
.gov .org
= an educational institution
= a governmental institution = a non-profit organization
.mil
.net
= a military site
= a network site
Most websites originating outside the U.S. have a country
domain indicating the country of origin.

351
GJ-IMT
Host Search
The HOST SEARCH comes in handy when you need to find something located at a large site that does not have an internal search engine. With this search technique, you can search all the pages at a website (contained in the engine's database) for keywords or phrases of interest.
NOTE: Because the major search engines do not always log an entire
website, use an internal search engine, if the website has one, for best results. +host:www.disney.com +"special offer" host:www.disney.com and "special offer"
352
GJ-IMT
URL Search
The URL SEARCH limits search results to web pages where the keyword appears in the URL or website
address.
A URL search can narrow very broad results to web pages devoted to the keyword topic. +url:halloween +title:stories url:halloween and title:stories
353
GJ-IMT
link Search
Use the LINK SEARCH when you want to know what websites are linked to a particular site of interest. For example, if you have a home page and you are wondering if anyone has put a link to your page on their website, use the Link search. Researchers use link searches for conducting backward citations. link:www.pepsi.com link:www.ipl.org/ref/
354
GJ-IMT
INTRODUCTION TO WWW
Delivering information with Microsoft Mail

355
GJ-IMT
DELIVERING INFORMATION WITH MICROSOFT MAIL
Delivering information with Microsoft Mail
- Lab work
356
GJ-IMT
USE OF MS OUTLOOK/OUTLOOK EXPRESS

Lab work
357
GJ-IMT
Thanks!
358
GJ-IMT
Let us Start
359
GJ-IMT
Isha-vasyopanishad
361
GJ-IMT
The Origin of Energy

1. Where does the Energy for teaching come from?
2.
3.
Where does the Energy for learning

Is the origin from different sources?
come from?
362
GJ-IMT
363
GJ-IMT
INTRODUCTION TO
364
GJ-IMT
INTRODUCTION TO
WORKSHOP ON COMPUTERS FOR MANAGEMENT 1. Concept of a programmable device 2. Introduction to Microprocessor as a programmable
device.
3. Concept of: Instruction Instruction Set of a microprocessor and Computer Program.
365
GJ-IMT
SYLLABUS
UNIT I

Introduction to
Software:
366
GJ-IMT

MB-107
Faculty Professor, Colonel SC Sood (Retd)

367

WCM MB107 20 Aug 2011

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

WCM MB107 20 Aug 2011

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

GJ-IMT

Life Work & Leadership

IT and Management Programmable Devices and Microprocessor Instruction Set of a Microprocessor

Max. Marks: 100 Internal Assessment: 100

Components of a computer system

High Level and Low Level Languages.

Basic concepts of operating systems.

Introduction to www, Internet and intranet

Use of MS Outlook/Outlook Express

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)

Apple is a fruit Apple is sweet

Information and then knowledge are derived from Data

2. Facts, statistics used for reference or analysis.

Qualitative or quantitative attributes of a

Qualitative attribute of temperature.

INFORMATION FROM DATA

Data (plural of "datum") are typically the results

4. Class Room Facilities is fourth abstraction.

INFORMATION FROM DATA

Data are often viewed as the lowest

information and then knowledge are

Understanding:1. Scope of MB-107, Workshop on Computers for

Management (WCM) as specified in PTU Syllabus.

Apple is a fruit. Apple is sweet.

Information and then knowledge are derived from Data

What do we do with the information?

Technology is the making, usage and knowledge of

in order to solve a problem or serve some purpose.

GJ-IMT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)

IT SYLLABUS FOR MBA

As per PTU syllabus IT would be covered in two

Workshop on Computers for Management

Basic concepts of operating systems.

Spread Sheet Software (Eg MS Excel)

Workshop on Information Technology

Computer Network & Communication:

Workshop on Computers for Management

Faculty Professor, Colonel SC Sood (Retd)

Set Your Aim

1. In Life 2. While in GJIMT

Focused on Your Target

to achieve our goal, we need energy

The Source of Energy

e = Energy (Joules) m = Mass (Kg) c = Velocity of light (meters/sec)

(1 joule is the amount of energy needed to move 1kg of mass by 1 metre.)

ENERGY EQUIVALENT OF ONE GRAM OF MASS

Einstein used the CGS system of units (centimeters, grams,

or to the energy released by combustion of the following:

ENERGY EQUIVALENT OF ONE MICRO GRAM OF MASS

(c = 3x1010 cm/s = 3x108 m/s = 3x105 km/s)

Never Ending Stream of Thoughts

Energy of mind is a Never Ending Stream of Thoughts

As described in Ken Upnishad

This Universal energy is called

That which is beyond the perception of mind,

but by which the mind perceives,

The Universal Energy

With the same energy I teach and You learn

The Universal Energy

Om Shaantih Shaantih Shaantih ||

Om Peace, Peace, Peace.

Sah Nau Bhunaktu

Tejasvinaa Adhitam Astu

GJ-IMT Om Sah Nau Avatu