SEMINAR ON STUDENT`S T TEST

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K.ASHWINI I MPHARMA DEPT OF INDUSTRIAL PHARMACY UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF 4/8/12 PROF. A CENDIL KUMAR

A t test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a student`s t distribution, if the null hypothesis is supported. It is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution, if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known. When the scaling term is unknown & replaced by an estimated based on the data, the test statistic( under certain conditions) follows a student t distribution.

DEFINITION
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This is one of the most widely used tests in pharmacological investigation involving the use of small samples. The ttest is applied for analysis when the number of samples is about 30 or less. It is usually applicable for analysis applicable to measurement (graded) data, such as blood sugar level, body weight, reaction time, etc. it can be used under two situations

Student`s t test for small samples:

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1) When the comparison is made between two measurements in two different groups (between subject comparison), and

2) When the comparison is made between two measurement in the same subject (within subject comparison by paired t test) following two consecutive treatments provide the first has no influence on the effect of the second.

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GOAL AND DATA

TYPE OF TTEST

ASSUMPTIO COMMENTS N

T DF

Compare One one sampl group to e a t hypotheti test cal value

Subjects are randomly drawn from a population and distribution of the mean being tested is normal

Usually used to compare the mean of a sample to a known number(oft en0)

n-1

Compare Unpair Two -sample Two 4/8/12 two edt assuming samples

two sample The variance in assuming the two groups unequal are extremely variance different. e.g. (heteroscedasthe two tic t test samples are of very different sizes

Comp Paire are dt two test pair groups

The observed used to compare data are from means on the the same same or related subject or from subject over time a matched or in differing subject and are circumstances; drawn from a subjects are population often tested in a with a normal before-after distribution situation does not assume that 4/8/12 the variance of both

n-1

Independent one-sample t-test The One-Sample T Test compares the mean score of a sample to a known value. Usually, the known value is a population mean. In testing the null hypothesis that the population mean is equal to a specified value 0, one uses the statistic

where s is the standard deviation of the sample and X = Sample mean, 0 = population mean n = number of observations in sample
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The degrees of freedom used in this test is n 1.

TWO PAIRED SAMPLES: WITHIN-SUBJECT DESIGNS -Hypothesis test -Confidence Interval -Effect Size

TWO INDEPENDENT SAMPLES: BETWEEN-SUBJECT DESIGNS

-

Hypothesis test Confidence interval Effect Size

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TWO KINDS OF STUDIES There are two general research strategies that can be used to obtain the two sets of data to be compared: The two sets of data could come from two independent populations (e.g. women and men, or students from section A and from section B) <- between-subjects design The two sets of data could come from related populations (e.g. before treatment and after <- within-subjects design

1.

1.

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Two sample t tests: Two-sample t-tests for a difference in mean can be either unpaired or paired. Paired t-tests are a form of blocking, and have greater power than unpaired tests, when the paired units are similar with respect to "noise factors" that are independent of membership in the two groups being compared. In a different context, paired t-tests can be used to reduce the effects of confounding factors in an observational study.

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The unpaired, or "independent samples" t-test is used when two separate sets of independent and identically distributed samples are obtained, one from each of the two populations being compared. For example, suppose we are evaluating the effect of a medical treatment, and we enroll 100 subjects into our study, then randomize 50 subjects to the treatment group and 50 subjects to the control group. In this case, we have two independent samples and would use the unpaired form of the t-test. The randomization is not essential hereif we contacted 100 people by phone and obtained each person's age and gender, and then used a two-sample t-test to see whether the mean ages differ by gender, this would
4/8/12 also be an independent samples t-test, even though the data are

Dependent samples (or "paired") t-tests typically consist of a sample of matched pairs of similar units, or one group of units that has been tested twice (a "repeated measures" t-test). A typical example of the repeated measures t-test would be where subjects are tested prior to a treatment, say for high blood pressure, and the same subjects are tested again after treatment with a blood-pressure lowering medication. A dependent t-test based on a "matched-pairs sample" results from an unpaired sample that is subsequently used to form a paired
4/8/12 sample, by using additional variables that were measured along with

The matching is carried out by identifying pairs of values consisting of one observation from each of the two samples, where the pair is similar in terms of other measured variables. This approach is often used in observational studies to reduce or eliminate the effects of confounding factors.

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INDEPENDENT TWO-SAMPLE T-TEST

1) Equal sample sizes, equal variance: This test is only used when both the two sample sizes (that is, the number, n, of participants of each group) are equal; It can be assumed that the two distributions have the same variance. Violations of these assumptions are discussed below. The t statistic to test whether the means are different can be calculated as follows:
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Where

Here, is the grand standard deviation (or pooled standard deviation), 1 = group one, 2 = group two.

The denominator of t is the standard error of the difference between

two means.

For significance testing, the degrees of freedom for this test is

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2n 2

Unequal sample sizes, equal variance: This test is used only when it can be assumed that the two distributions have the same variance. The t statistic to test whether the means are different can be calculated as follows:

Where,

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Here is an estimator of the common standard deviation of the two samples: it is defined in this way so that its square is an unbiased estimator of the common variance whether or not the population means are the same. In these formulae, n = number of participants, 1 = group one, 2 = group two. n 1 is the number of degrees of freedom for either group, and the total sample size minus two (that is, n1 + n2 2) is the total number of degrees of freedom, which is used in significance testing.
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3)Unequal sample sizes, unequal variance This test is used only when the two population variances are assumed to be different (the two sample sizes may or may not be equal) and hence must be estimated separately. The t statistic to test whether the population means are different can be calculated as follows:

where
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Where s2 is the unbiased estimator of the variance of the two samples, n = number of participants, 1 = group one, 2 = group two.

Note that in this case,

is not a pooled variance.

For use in significance testing, the distribution of the test statistic is

approximated as being an ordinary student`s t distribution with the degrees of freedom calculated using

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DEPENDENT "t-TEST FOR PAIRED SAMPLES This test is used when the samples are dependent; that is, when there is only one sample that has been tested twice (repeated measures) or when there are two samples that have been matched or "paired". This is an example of a paired difference test.

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From this equation, The differences between all pairs must be calculated. The pairs are either one person's pre-test and post-test scores or between pairs of persons matched into meaningful groups (for instance drawn from the same family or age group: see table). The average (XD) and standard deviation (sD) of those differences are used in the equation.

The constant 0 is non-zero if you want to test whether the average

of the difference is significantly different from 0.

4/8/12 The degree of freedom used is n 1.

EXAMPLE: Students t-test

The Students t-test compares the averages and standard deviations of two samples to see if there is a significant difference between them. We start by calculating a number, t Where: x1 is the mean of sample 1 t can be calculated using the equation s1 is the standard deviation of sample 1 n1 is the number of individuals in sample 1 x2 is the mean of sample 2 s2 4/8/12standard deviation of sample 2 is the