Chapter 1 Lecture PowerPoint

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Holes Human Anatomy and Physiology

Twelfth Edition

Shier w Butler w Lewis

Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology

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1.1: Introduction
Questions and observations that have led to knowledge. Knowledge about structure and function of the human body.

1.2: Anatomy & Physiology

Anatomy the study of the structure of the human body Physiology the study of the function of the human body

The complementarity of structure and function.

1.3: Levels of Organization

Subatomic Particles electrons, protons, and neutrons Atom hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc. Molecule water molecule, glucose molecule, etc. Macromolecule protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.

Organelle mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.

Cell muscle cell, nerve cell, etc. Tissue epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve Organ skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. Organ System skeletal system, digestive system, etc. Organism the human
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Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles

Atom

Molecule

Organ system

Macromolecule Organ Organelle Organism

Cell Tissue

Organ Systems
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Integumentary system

Skeletal system

Muscular system

Organ Systems
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Nervous system

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Endocrine system

Organ Systems
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Cardiovascular system

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Lymphatic system

Organ Systems
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Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system

Organ Systems
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Male reproductive system Female reproductive system

1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)

Movement change in position; motion Responsiveness reaction to a change

Growth increase in body size; no change in shape

Reproduction production of new organisms and new cells Respiration obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

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Characteristics of Life Continued

Digestion breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
Absorption passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms Excretion removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
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1.5: Maintenance of Life

Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure

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Requirements of Organisms
Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature

Food
- provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials
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Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen (gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients
Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure keeps blood flowing
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Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts: Receptor - provides information about the stimuli Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point) Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

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Control center (set point) (Change is compared to the set point.)

Receptors

Effectors (muscles or glands)

Stimulus (Change occurs in internal environment.)

Response 18 (Change is corrected.)

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

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Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete.

Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal.

Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal.

too high

Normal body temperature 37C (98.6F)

too low

Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal.

Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal.

Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center.

Effectors Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive.

Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat.

Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs.

If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract Involuntarily.

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

There are two (2) types: Negative feedback mechanisms

Positive feedback mechanisms

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Negative feedback summary:
Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body Corrects the set point

Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the negative

Most common type of feedback loop Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms

Positive feedback summary: Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body short-lived do not require continuous adjustments

Examples: blood clotting and child birth

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Animation: Positive and Negative Feedback

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1.6: Organization of the Human Body

Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity Right pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity
(a)

Cranial cavity

Thoracic cavity Diaphragm

Mediastinum Left pleural cavity Diaphragm

Abdominal cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

(b)

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Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes

Visceral layer covers an organ Parietal layer lines a cavity or body wall

Thoracic Membranes Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium

Abdominopelvic Membranes Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Parietal perineum Visceral perineum

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Serous Membranes
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1.7: Lifespan Changes

Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level.

Can you think of some examples?

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1.8: Anatomical Terminology

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Anatomical Position standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out

Integumentary system

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Anatomical Terminology:
Orientation and Directional Terms
Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position): Superior versus Inferior (Cranial vs. Caudal) Anterior versus Posterior (Ventral vs. Dorsal) Medial versus Lateral Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral Proximal versus Distal Superficial versus Deep Internal versus External

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Body Sections or Planes

Sagittal or Median divides body into left and right portions Mid-sagittal divides body into equal left and right portions Transverse or Horizontal divides body into superior and inferior portions
Coronal or Frontal divides body into anterior and posterior portions

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Body Sections
Median (midsagittal) plane Parasagittal plane

A section along the median plane

Transverse (horizontal) plane

A section along a transverse plane

A section along a frontal plane

Frontal (coronal) plane

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Body Sections

(a)

(b)

(c)

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Other Body Sections

L o n g i t u d i n a l

Cross-section

s e c t i o n

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(a)

(b)

(c)

Abdominal Subdivisions

Right hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Right iliac region

Epigastric region

Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region

Right upper Left upper quadrant quadrant (RUQ) (LUQ) Right lower Left lower quadrant quadrant (RLQ) (LLQ)

Umbilical region

Hypogastric Left iliac region region

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Body Regions
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Cephalic (head) Frontal (forehead) Otic (ear) Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Acromial (point of shoulder) Axillary (armpit) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Palmar (palm) Digital (finger) Umbilical (navel) Inguinal (groin) Coxal (hip) Orbital (eye cavity) Buccal (cheek) Mental (chin) Sternal Pectoral (chest) Acromial (point of shoulder) Vertebral (spinal column) Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Cubital (elbow) Lumbar (lower back) Sacral (between hips) Gluteal (buttocks) Perineal Occipital (back of head)

Femoral (thigh) Genital (reproductive organs) Patellar (front of knee) Sural (calf) Popliteal (back of knee)

Crural (leg)

Tarsal (instep) Pedal (foot) (a) Digital (toe) Plantar (sole) (b)

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