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=
2
1
3
3 707 0 20 707 0
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2 2
13.2 High-pass Filter
(Amplifier lower cutoff frequency)
RC
f
L
t
=
2
1
f
V
R
C
~
V
S
(f)
f
L
Lower cutoff frequency f
L
V
(f)
0dB
-3dB
6
All types of BJT amplifier circuits have a high pass filter at the place where coupling and
bypass capacitors are used
V
CC
R
L
R
i
C
C
C
B
v
i
R
2
R
1
R
E
v
o
R
o
R
in
v
in
i
in
i
L
Emitter Follower
V
CC
R
C
R
L
C
E
R
i C
C
C
B
v
i
R
2
R
1
R
E
v
o
Common Emitter
At lower frequencies, Reactance of bypass capacitor becomes higher (open) and the CE
amplifier behave as CE with R
E
whose voltage gain becomes smaller
RC
f
L
t
=
2
1
f
V
R
C
~
V
S
(f)
f
L
Lower cutoff frequency f
L
V
(f)
0dB
-3dB
7
( )
1 C L
1 L
C R R 2
1
f
+ t
=
6dB/octave
12dB/octave
18dB/octave
f
L1
= f
L2
= f
LE
Overall Lower frequency response of Common Emitter amplifier
If f
L1
= f
L2
= f
LE
18dB/octave
at Mid-frequencies
f
L1
f
L2
f
LE
CE amplifier at Low frequencies
R
L
|r
e
R
s
R
in
C
1
C
2
R
TE
= R
E
//(r
e
+(R
s
//R
B
)/|)
C
E
~
R
B
R
C
E TE
LE
C R 2
1
f
t
=
2 2 T
2 L
C R 2
1
f
t
=
R
T2
=R
s
+(R
B
//(|r
e
))
Assume all capacitors
short when considering
one capacitor
f
V
f
LE
f
L2
f
L1
8
13.3 Low-pass Filter
(Amplifier higher cutoff frequency)
( )
( ) 1 2 3
3 707 0 20 707 0
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2 2
<< t <
= = = =
t
=
t
= =
t +
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
=
fCR as ) f ( V equal will ) f ( V f f When .
dB . log .
) f ( V
) f ( V
C f
R when or
RC
f f When .
increased is f when decrease will ) f ( V .
fCR
) f ( V
X
R
) f ( V
X
R
j
) f ( V
jX R
jX
) f ( V ) f ( V
S H
S
H
H
S
C
S
C
S
C
C
S
RC
f
H
t
=
2
1
Higher cutoff frequency f
H
f
f
H
C
R
V
V
(f)
0dB
-3dB
~ V
S
(f)
9
Although inter-electrode capacitances of BJT are very small, at very high
frequency, their reactances become lower which make the voltage gain of
the amplifier decreases. This constitute an equivalent low pass filter
R
L
|r
e
R
s
C
CE
C
be
~
R
B
R
C
C
bc
At high frequencies, reactance of coupling
and bypass capacitors become smaller (short)
Millers
theorem
V
CC
R
C
R
L
C
E
R
i C
C
C
B
v
i
R
2
R
1
R
E
v
o
Common Emitter
C
be
C
CE
C
bc
C
ob
Overall Higher frequency response of Common Emitter amplifier
10
f
H2
f
H1
CE amplifier at High frequencies
R
L
|r
e
R
s
C
CE
C
be
~
R
B
R
C
C
M1
C
M2
C
bc
( )( )
e ' b 1 M e B S
1 H
C C r // R // R 2
1
f
+ | t
=
( )( )
CE 2 M L C
2 H
C C R // R 2
1
f
+ t
=
Millers theorem
( )
( )
v 1 M
v 1 M v
1 M
A 1 C C
A 1 C j
1
C j
1
A 1
Z
Z =
e
=
e
=
( )
v
c ' b 1 M
A 1 C C =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
v
c ' b 2 M
A
1
1 C C
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
e
L C
v
r
R // R
A
CE amplifier at High
frequencies
R
L
|r
e
R
s C
CE
C
be
~
R
B
R
C
C
M1
C
M2
C
b
c
f
V
f
H1
f
V
f
H2
11
f
V
f
L
f
H
CE amplifier at High frequencies
R
L
|r
e
R
s
C
CE
C
be
~
R
B
R
C
C
M1
C
M2
C
b
c
CE amplifier at Low frequencies
R
L
|r
e
R
s
R
in
C
1
C
2
R
TE
=R
E
//(r
e
+(R
s
//R
B
)/|)
C
E
~
R
B
R
C
f
V
f
H
13.4 Pass-band of BJT Amplifier
f
V
f
L
12
f
V
f
L
f
H
CE amplifier at High frequencies
R
L
|r
e
R
s
C
CE
C
b
e
~
R
B
R
C
C
M1
C
M2
C
b
c
CE amplifier at Low frequencies
R
L
|r
e
R
s
R
in
C
1
C
2
R
TE
=R
E
//(r
e
+(R
s
//R
B
)/|)
C
E
~
R
B
R
C
E TE
LE
C R
f
t
=
2
1
2 2
2
2
1
C R
f
T
L
t
=
( )
1 C L
1 L
C R R 2
1
f
+ t
=
( )( )
e ' b
e
T
C r
f
t
=
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
v
c ' b 2 M
A
1
1 C C
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
e
L C
v
r
R // R
A
( )
v
c ' b 1 M
A 1 C C =
( )( )
CE M L C
H
C C R // R
f
+ t
=
2
2
2
1
( )( )
e ' b 1 M e B S
1 H
C C r // R // R 2
1
f
+ | t
=
Pass-band of Common Emitter amplifier
13
13.5 Pass-band of FET Amplifier
All types of FET amplifier circuits have a high pass filter at the place where coupling and
bypass capacitors are used
V
DD
R
D
R
L
C
S
R
i C
C
C
G
v
i
R
G
R
S
v
o
Common Source Amplifier
RC 2
1
f
L
t
=
f
V
R
C
~
f
f
L
Lower cutoff frequency f
L
At lower frequencies, Reactance of bypass capacitor becomes higher (open) and the CS
amplifier behave as CS with R
S
whose voltage gain becomes smaller
Overall Lower frequency response of Common Source amplifier
S TS
LS
C R
f
t
=
2
1
( )
G i G
L
C R R
f
+ t
=
2
1
2
( )
C D L
L
C R R
f
+ t
=
2
1
1
CS amplifier at Low frequencies
R
L
R
i
R
in
C
C
C
G
R
TS
= R
S
//(1/g
m
)
C
S
R
G
R
D
14
R
L
R
i
C
ds
C
gs
~
R
G
R
D
C
gd
At high frequencies, reactance of coupling
and bypass capacitors become smaller (short)
Millers
theorem
V
DD
R
D
R
L
C
S
R
i C
C
C
G
v
i
R
G
R
S
v
o
Common Source Amplifier
C
gs
C
cs
C
cd
Overall Higher frequency response of Common Source amplifier
CS amplifier at High frequencies
R
L
R
i
C
cs
C
gs
~
R
G
R
D
C
M1
C
M2
C
gd
c
f
H1
f
H2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
v
gd M
A
C C
1
1
2
( )
L D m v
R // R g A =
( )
v gd M
A C C = 1
1
( )( )
gs M i G
H
C C R // R
f
+ t
=
1
1
2
1
( )( )
ds M L D
H
C C R // R
f
+ t
=
2
2
2
1
RC
f
H
t
=
2
1
Higher cutoff frequency f
H
f
f
H
C
R
V
V
(f)
0dB
-3dB
~ V
S
(f)
15
f
V
f
L
f
H
Pass-band of Common Source amplifier
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
v
gd M
A
C C
1
1
2
( )
L D m v
R // R g A =
( )
v gd M
A C C = 1
1
( )( )
gs M i G
H
C C R // R
f
+ t
=
1
1
2
1
( )( )
ds M L D
H
C C R // R
f
+ t
=
2
2
2
1
CS amplifier at High frequencies
R
L
R
i
C
cs
C
gs
~
R
G
R
D
C
M1
C
M2
C
gd
c
S TS
LS
C R
f
t
=
2
1
( )
G i G
L
C R R
f
+ t
=
2
1
2
( )
C D L
L
C R R
f
+ t
=
2
1
1
CS amplifier at Low frequencies
R
L
R
i
R
in
C
C
C
G
R
TS
= R
S
//(1/g
m
)
C
S
R
G
R
D