COORDINATIVE SYSTEM AND SENSES

By : Adhelia Putri P. (9G/01) Arsita Keumaladewi (9G/06) Mentari Cendikia U. (9G/20) M. Nasrullah (9G/22) Raehani Ajeng P.N (9G/29)

Human Nervous System

Coordination in mamals is controled by the nervous and endocrine system. The nervous system is made up of billions of nerve cells called neurons that transmit nerve impulse. A neuron is like a tiny and long electric cable. It enable one part of the body to coordinate with another part. Nerve Cells (neuron) consist of : Nucleus, Cells body, Dendrite, Axon, Node of Renvier, Myelin Sheath, and Branches of Axon. Human nervous system is divided into two kind. There are : Unconscious Nervous system and Conscious Nervous System.

Unconscious Nerve System

It controls organ that works organ automatically. This organ

dont work under control nerve instruction, This organ consist of motor nerve that controls the works of internal organs automatically. Unconscious Nerve System consist of two kinds, that are Sympathetic Nerve and Parasympathetic Nerve. Sympathetic Nerve : Elongate from spinal cord to form ganglion that go to the parts of body that are coordinated. Ganglion consist of nerve cell bars. Parasympathetic nerve : nerve that starts from brain and down to the spinal cord, elongate to form ganglion then go to parts of body that are coordinate.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

BRAIN
Cerebrum

Cerebellum Central Brain (mesencephalon) Medulla Oblongata

SPINAL CORD

BRAIN
Brain is the central coordination of the conscious nervous system. It consists of :
Cerebrum : The biggest part of the brain, consist of the left and right hemisphere. The right hemisphere controls the left-side body, and the left controls the right-side body. Cerebellum : Lies underneath the back of cerebrum. The main function is to control the stability of the body and coordinate the motoric movement. Central Brain : Has optical lobs of the reflect of the pupil and also has function to control the stability of the body. M. Oblongata : Lies between the brain and spinal cord. Has function to control the heartbeat, exhalation, blood pressures, swallow or narrowing of the blood vessel, and reflects.

Human Brain
The human brain has three major structural components: the large dome-shaped cerebrum (top), the smaller somewhat spherical cerebellum (lower right), and the brainstem (center). The brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord. Both the brain and the spinal cord are surrounded by three membranes called the meninges. Inflammation of the meninges is known as meningitis.

Spinal Cord
a) Located in the vertebrae b) Transmitting impulse to and from the brain and controlling reflects (leg and hand reflects, urinating or defecating) c) Conducted with brain by Medulla Oblongata.

Peripheral Nervous System

Peripheral nerve is nervous system that out from our brain and our spinal cord. It has function to connect between receptor cell (sense) and central nerve or central nerve with effectors (muscle and gland) Based on the out place, peripheral nerve is divided into 2 kinds, there are : a. Cranial Cranial peripheral nerve is peripheral nerve that out or enter our brain. There are 12 pairs for this nerve. b. Spinal Spinal peripheral nerve is peripheral nerve that out or enter our spinal cord. There are 31 pairs for this nerve.

Senses of vision

Eyeball wall, has three layers, there are :

a. Schlera, the outer layer that is hard and white. The outer surface which is convex and transparent, called cornea b. Choroid, mid layer that consist of much blood vessel. The front of coroid form iris (rainbow layers). In the middle of the iris, there is a hole that called pupil. c. Retina, the inner layer that consist of many receptors, i.e. bacillus and cone nerve, the cone nerve cells are sensitive to high intensity light ( day light ) and able to distinguish color, bacillus nerve cells are sensitive to low intensity light.

Eye lens

Eye lens is located on the back of iris and linked to the lens holder muscle. Convex ability of lens is called accommodation capacity, between the lens and cornea there is a liquid called aqueous humour, whereas between lens and retina there is vitreous humour.

There are several eye disorders :

a. Hypermetropia, disability of eyes to look a nearer thing clearly, but able to look farther thing. The disability can be overcome by using convex lens. b. Myopia, disability of eyes to look at farther thing, but can look at nearer thing, the thing shadow falls in front of yellow spot. The disability can be overcome by using concave lens. c. Presbiophy, disability of eyes to look at both nearer and farther thing. The disability can be overcome by both convex and concave lens. d. Cataract,calcification on eye lens. e. Astigmatism, disability of eyes to distinguish vertical and horizontal line in the same time. f. Color blindless, disibility of eyes to distinguish colors. Total color blindless just can distinguish black and white.

Eye with Cataract

Sense of hearing
Human hearing sensors are ears. Ears receive stimulus from out of body as an air wave. Because the stimulus is mechanical, so the hearing the receptor is called mechanoreceptor.
The function of ears: a. Hearing sensory b. To balanced the body and to know the body position.

Ear Arrangement
Ear arrangement, divided into outer, middle, and inner ear . a) The outer ear Outer ear consist of auricle, ear canal, and eardrum ( tympanic membrane ) . Eardrum is boundary between inner and middle ear. b) The middle ear there is a cavity in the middle aer wich is filled by air and three hearing bones ( auditory bones ). These three bones are hammer bone ( malleus ), anvil bones ( incus), stirrup bones ( stapes ). The function of the auditory bones are to amplify and send the air/ sound wave from eardrum to the oval window. The middle ear cavity is connected to mouth cavity by Eustachian tube, used for keep the air balanced between the inside and outside parts of middle ear cavity. c. The inner ear The inner ear is composed by apparatus that relate to hearing sensory and balance. 1. Apparatus that relate to hearing are oval window, cochlea, and round window. Cochlea consist of vestibular canal, cochlea canal, tympanic canal. Vestibular and tympanic canal is filled by perilymph liquid, whereas cochlea canal is filled by endolymph liquid. 2. apparatus that relate to balanced are utricle, sacule and semicircular canal.

Hearing process
Air wave as a sound is received by pinna and then sent to eardrum through auditory canal. Air wave will shake eardrum (tympanic membrane ). The wave will be increased and sent by hearing bones to oval window which will vibrate / shake too.

Balance Process
On the back of oval window, there is a cavity that is called utricle and sacule. There are some balancing ends in it. Besides, there are three seminicular canals whose ends from cavity caled ampulla. In ampulla there are balanced nerve ends that are covered balanced nerve ends that are covered by gelatin to liquid form a structure called capulla. Seminicular canal and ampulla are filled with endolymph liquid. If the head moves , endolymph liquid. If the head moves, endolymph liquid will move too. Endolymph movement will move too. Endolymph movement will move capulla. Capulla movement which is balanced nerve ends wil transmi to the brains. When a child plays moving around, the endolymph liquid will move around too. If he stop suddenly, endolymph liquid will still move. It makes the child lose his balanced and feel like he earth moving around.

SENSE OF SMELLING
a)
b)

c)

d)

e)

f)

g)

Sense of smelling in our body is nose. The nose has function as olfactory sense that is sensitive to stimulus of chemical substance of gas and vapor its called chemoreceptor. Human smell sensory receptor consists of smell nerve cells which are called cilia and located above the nose cavity. Nerve cells of smell stimuli receptor have smooth hair and covered by mucous membrane that has function as moisturizer. The smaller nerve fibers unite to form smelling nerve tendon going to smelling centre in the brain. Chemical substances in the air such as gas and vapor enter into nasal cavity when we inhale the air. Inside the nasal cavity those chemical substances dissolve in mucus and stimulates the smell stimuli receptor cells and stimuli (impulse) appears in the smelling nerve fibers. Stimulus (impulse) is processed and translated in the brain. So, we can differentiate various kinds of smell.

SENSE OF SMELLING
Disturbance in the Nose

a) Anosmia Its happen when the nose cannot used again (to smell). And can caused by plugging of nose cavity or they are a disturbance in nerve cell of smell. b) Polyp Its happen when flesh growth in nasal bone. c) Influenza This disturbance happen because mucous membrane in nose cavity swelling and drool so it causes nose is cover by saliva/drool. d) Rhinitis e) Allergy reaction f) Follicle hair infection, etc

SENSE OF TASTE
a) b) c) d) e)

Sense of taste is tongue. The tongue has function as tasting sense that is sensitive to stimulus of taste (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter) The another function of tongue is help us to speak and help digested food. In the tongue there are lumps (papilla) that contain many taste buds. Taste bud is a collection of gustatory nerve ends that is sensitive to stimulus of taste and found in the upper part of tongue surface.s

DISTURBANCE IN TONGUE

In the tongue are temporary and some are permanent disturbance. EXAMPLE : a) Temporary disturbance : we will feel momentary loss of taste when drinking or eating something that is too hot or too cold. b) Permanent disturbance : happens because of broken nervous tissue that coresponds to gustatory sense in the brain because the sufferer gets trauma in certain part in the brain.

Sense of Sensory
a) Sense of sensory is skin. b) In the skin there are ends of nerve that are sensitive to contact, pressure, and touch so skin can receive stimuli of heat, cold, smoothness, roughness, pain and so on. c) The ends of receptor nerve are commonly found in the skin Malpighian Layer. d) The most sensitive part is the part that has most nerve ends. Example : pointer finger and hand palm e) The ends of touching nerve non-uniform in the entire skin surface.
SKIN WORK : Touching concerning to skin and receive by skin receptor, then it take is taken to the brain. So, we can feel something. Example : when we touch a hot thing, cold, soft, or rough. f) Function of skin : 1. as protector 2. as place to store surplus of fat 3. as place of feeler sense and touching 4. as regulator of body temperature 5. as place to form vitamin D

DISORDERS AND DISEASE IN SKIN

A) The Skin Cancer Skin cancer can be caused by skin exposure to sunlight excessively and often attacks people who has light colored skin. And it can prevented by limiting the period of skin is struck by sunlight or by using sun screening lotion. B) Rash Rash is caused by cold temperature, allergic to chemical materials, food, and drugs. The effect of this disease is skin becomes itchy, appears swollen with irregular shape. C) The Athlete Foot Athlete foot disease is caused by infection of fungus in foot. This fungus will grow if foots is in humid condition and sweating. To prevent this disease we must keep our foot dry and immediately open shoes or shocks after doing activity. D) The Ringworm Is disease in the skin because of fungal infection, so in the skin is formed circular bundle. This disease can be reduced by using antifungal medicine. To prevent it, we must keep our self cleanliness and keep the skin dry. E) The Psoriasis The symptom that appears from this diseases are the skin has reddish color and scaly on head skin, elbow, knee, and back. The symptom of psoriasis can be reduced.