CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

Fundamentals of Computer and programming in C (CMP 101 )

14/04/12

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The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The Central Processing Unit is a silicon chip that is the brain of of a computer system. It executes program instructions and data and controls all the devices within the machine Its internal organisation (architecture) consists of 3 main parts: Control unit (CU) Arithmetic and Logic unit (ALU) Registers

Central Processing Unit

Read only Memory Programmable Read only (ROM) Memory (PROM) Main Memory (RAM) Cache Memory Decoder Program Control Register Instruction Register Memory Address Register Memory Buffer Register Input/output Register General Purpose Register Accumulator Register General Purpose Register I/O D E V I C E s Flash

ALU
General Purpose Register

Control Unit

Inside the CPU

Memory Address Register Memory Data Register Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) Address bus

Other registers

Data bus Main Memory Control Bus (Read / Write)

Control Unit

Clock pulses Electronic clock

The Control Unit

The CU sends signals to other parts of the computer

It manages fetch, decode and execute program instructions.

It synchronises the whole system by telling devices what to do and when to do it

The Arithmetic and Logic Unit

The ALU is where data is actually processed in the CPU Processing data in the ALU involves doing arithmetic calculations e.g. add, subtract, multiply, divide etc. It also involves logical comparisons like AND, OR etc. using electronic circuitry The ALU uses special arithmetic registers to temporarily store data and results of calculations e.g. the accumulator

Instruction

Instruction Set
Operand

Operation (op) Code

ADD 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

Operand one A

Operand two R0

Instruction 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

Accumulat or register 0000 0010 0001 0011

General Purpose Register 0001 0001 0001 0001 After execution Before execution

The Registers
The Registers are very fast storage locations inside the processor itself. There are many registers including : memory address register (MAR) holds the address of a location in memory memory data register (MDR) holds data just read from or written to memory program counter (PC) holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched Instruction register (IR) holds the current instruction being executed general purpose registers can be used by programmers

Machine Cycle
Fetch - Calls an instruction into memory Decode - Figures out what the instruction is trying to do. Execute - Does the decoded instruction Add 2+2 Store - Puts the answer 4 into memory for use by another instruction

Clock Cycle A Crystal Oscillator on the Motherboard It paces the machine cycle Measured in MHz or GHz Megahertz = 1,000,000 cycles/sec Gigahertz = 1,000,000,000 cycles/sec

Clock Cycle
One clock cycle is calculated by dividing 1 by the MHz or GHz Example: (800 MHz CPU) 1/800,000,000 = 0.00000000125 or 1.25 nanoseconds (nano = billionth)

(1.25 billionths of a second)

The shorter the clock cycle the faster the processor

Pipelining Executing multiple instructions at the same time

FETCH Instruction 1 Instruction 2 Instruction 3 Instruction 4 DECODE EXECUTE STORE

Parallel Processing Multiple processors work together to complete a set of instructions

CPU 01 Control CPU CPU 02 Answer

Processor Types
CISC : Complex Instruction Set Computer. A set of large number of variable length instructions. 1 2 2 4 1 0 0 2 0 1 2 1 0 0 Parallel Computation 0 RISC: Reduce instruction set computers. EPIC: Explicitly parallel Instruction Computing.

Dual-Core A dual-core CPU combines two independent processors and their respective caches and cache controllers onto a single silicon chip.

Dual-Core

Dual-Core Advantages Less Power Less Space Better Performance

Dual-Core Disadvantages Require Different OS Scalability more limited Lower production yields

INTEL AMD TRANSMETA MOTOROLA

INTEL

AMD

TRANSMETA

MOTOROLA & IBM

Assignment 01
Explain the difference between the Intel DualCore and AMD Dual-Core CPUS. What makes them different.

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