Heydar Ali Palizban PhD, PEng

Senior Control Systems Engineer

Feb 28, 2009

Content

Why fuel efficiency is important Environmental impacts and public concerns A short history of electric and hybrid technology How hybrid and electric cars work Why they are fuel efficient Advantages and issues Technological challenges Next generation of green vehicles Q&A
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Why fuel efficiency is important

World energy shortage and growing demand have caused energy crises World oil consumption, 2007
Oil consumption (bbl/day)
85,220,000
20,680,000 14,390,000 7,880,000

US
Date
2007 est.
2007 est. 2007 2007 est.

Rank

Country

1 World
2 United States 3 European Union 4 China

5 Japan
6 India 7 Russia 8 Germany 9 Brazil 10 Canada 18 Iran

5,007,000
2,722,000 2,699,000 2,456,000 2,372,000 2,371,000 1,600,000

2007 est.
2007 est. 2007 est. 2007 est. 2007 est. 2007 est. 2007 est. 2007 est.

Rest of the world

23,043,000

Source: www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook

Why fuel efficiency is important

Oil Reserves are diminishing New data shows Canada has world second largest oil reserves after Saudi Arabia

Why fuel efficient cars?

Global warming due to CO2 emission

Combustion (burning) Fuel(C,H)+O2 CO2 + CO + H2O + energy(heat)

Commercial 15%

CO2 emission 1980-1999 %32 for Transportation

Residential 19%

Transportati on 32%

Industrial 34%

Toxic pollutants such as SOX and NOX, CO and unburned

hydrocarbons
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Hybrid cars
2009 Toyota Prius Hybrid 2009 Toyota Corolla Conventional

About $780/year fuel savings Assume $1 /1L 15000km / year Invaluable benefit for environment

5.3 Lit/100 Km

10.5 Lit/100 Km

Better fuel efficiency, up to %80 theoretically possible

Less CO2 emission and pollution

Lower maintenance
Source: www.fueleconomy.gov US DOE
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A short history of hybrid & electric cars

1825 Steam Engine Car, British inventor Goldsworthy 85 miles round trip took 10 hours (14 km/h) 1870 First electric car was build in Scotland 1897 The London Electric Cab Company used a 40-cell battery and 3 horsepower electric motor, Could be driven 50 miles between charges

1898
The German Dr. Porsche, at age 23, Built the world's first front-wheel-

drive Porsche's second car was a hybrid, using an internal combustion engine to spin a generator that provided power to electric motors located in the wheel hubs. On battery alone, the car could travel nearly 40 miles

Source: www.hybridcars.com/history
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A short history of hybrid & electric cars

1900
US car companies made 1,681 steam, 1,575 electric and 936

gasoline cars. In a poll, electric was the first choice, followed by steam 1904 Henry Ford overcame the gasoline engine issues: noise, vibration, and odor Produced low-priced, lightweight, gas-powered vehicles Within a few years, the Electric Vehicle Company failed 1997-99 Toyota, Audi, Honda, Ford, GM followed by other main car manufactures introduced new generation of electric and hybrid cars 2004
The Toyota Prius II won 2004 Car of the Year Awards from Motor Trend

Magazine and the North American Auto Show. Toyota was surprised by the demand and pumped up its production from 36,000 to 47,000 for the U.S
Source: www.hybridcars.com/history
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Where does fuel energy go in a conventional car

87.4 % of fuel energy is wasted Only 12.6 % of fuel energy is transferred to the wheels 5.8 % is turned to kinetic energy, consumed in the brake 17.2 % idling losses, engine on with no torque
Source: www.fueleconomy.gov US DOE 9

How hybrids save fuel

Engine is turned off at: Stops Lower speed (say less that 15 km/h), an electric motor drives the car until speed reaches a certain limit, then engine kicks in When vehicle is stopping or going downhill, engine is turned off, Regenerative braking is applied 2. When engine operates in an inefficient mode(e.g. at very high or very low engine speeds), the electric motor kicks in and assists engine. Engine is driven to its optimum operating zone 3. Engine can be made smaller, due to electric motor assistance
1.
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Vehicle kinetic energy

E 1 2

m(VA2 VB2 )

A VB > VA

accelerating, fuel is consumed, kinetic energy is increased

A VA > VB

B braking, vey little fuel is consumed, kinetic energy is reduced energy is dissipated in the brakes as heat in conventional cars In hybrids braking energy is recovered by an electric generator and stored in a battery it is called regenerative energy, or Regen Energy

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Vehicle potential energy

E

mgh

Need engine power, fuel is consumed, potential energy is increased

no need for engine power

Braking, vey little fuel is consumed, potential energy is reduced energy is dissipated in the brakes as heat in conventional cars In hybrids braking energy is recovered, Engine can be turned off automatically going downhill

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Optimum engine operation condition

Optimum operating rang

Engine Map

BSFC [g/kWh]

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How Hybrids work

Click on the link below to see a hybrid animation Hybrid Demo

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A hybrid System
VCU Prius does not have step gears clutch or torque converter starter motor alternator Eclectic motors and planetary gear system work as a CVT or Continuously Variable Transmission
Schematic diagram of Prius www.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info
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How Hybrids work

Eclectic motors and planetary gear system work as a CVT or Continuously Variable Transmission

Prius Planetary Gear www.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info

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Hybrid engine and electric motors

Hybrid engine is smaller than conventional the engine

Prius Hybrid www.cleangreencar.co.nz/page/prius-technical-info

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How Electric cars work

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Electric cars
Have comparable speed and power Zero emission for hydro electric grids like BC 100 years old High overall fuel efficiency, thermal power plants can

have up to 80% efficiency and lower emission No IC engine, no transmission, no engine oil, no gearbox fluid Lower maintenance Lower price Good for inner city short trips Simple and mature tech Low noise
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Plug in hybrid
Plug in hybrid has advantages of the both GM 2011 Chevrolet Volt can run for 40 miles on

electric power alone Only uses gasoline to power a generator if the 40mile range is exceeded

Chevrolet Volt

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Hybrid cars issues

Currently more expensive than conventional
Heavier than conventional, due to battery pack and electric motors

weight Limited battery life Expensive battery pack if you want to replace it Safety issues, high voltage battery and fuel Reliability, still under study, More complex computer controlled systems May have drivability issues Expensive to repair

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Electric cars issues

Needs heavy duty power plug terminal (high current) everywhere:

home, parking and street with metering device Electric energy infrastructure (generation, transmission and distribution) must be expanded to provide extra energy for this type of cars. Travels short distances, inner city Low speed Battery charging takes time Limited battery life Safety issues Need new regulatory standards and New building electric code

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Technology challenges and opportunities

Battery capacity reduces by time, even you do not use it. This will impact fuel economy

Fuel economy is dependant

on battery capacity

The Honda Insights battery pack 120 Panasonic 1.2-volt cells (total 144 V) Nickel metal hydride 100A discharge, and 50A charge rates The system limits the usable capacity to 4ah to extend battery life

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Technology challenges and opportunities

Time of battery changing is long(plug in hybrid)

Batteries are heavy (100kg extra weight consumes 2L/100km more)

Batteries are expensive Low performance in hot or cold temperatures also may damage the

battery Very sensitive to overcharge/undercharge(Battery life reduces dramatically) Contain toxic heavy metals, disposal issue Opportunity for researchers: Advance research projects on batteries are supported by governments and industries

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Next generation of green vehicles

Plug in hybrids with Lithium Ion Batteries and Ultra Capacitors Hybrid Buses Hybrid trucks with compressed gas energy storage systems Hybrid trains EVs everywhere

Hybrids on the Market

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Fail safe systems

A fail safe system?

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