WHAT IS SAMPLING? Measuring a small portion of something and then making a general statement about the whole thing.

( Bradfield and Moredock, p. 38 )

WHY WE NEED SAMPLING

to make possible the study of a large, heterogeneous population for economy for speed for accuracy to save the sources of data from being all consumed

PRINCIPLES OF SAMPLING
1. Appraisals that involve sampling are estimates and predictions only. 2. Estimates based on sampling are least accurate when the sample is a small proportion of the whole and when the sample is not representative.

2. Sampling may de categorical or temporal. It is categorical is it is taken proportionally from categories or groups. It is temporal when it is in terms of time.

TYPES OF SAMPLING:
1. Probability sampling - the sample is a proportion ( a certain percent ) of the population and such sample is selected from the population by means of some systematic way. 2. Non-probability sampling the sample is not a proportion of the population and there is no system in selecting the sample. The selection depends upon the situation.

TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1.Accidental sampling There is no system of selection but only those whom the researcher or interviewer meet by chance are included in the sample Not representative of the population The sample might be a biased one Resorted to only when there is no other alternative

TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

2. Quota sampling
specified numbers of persons of certain types are included in the sample many sectors of the population are represented There is no proportional representation and there are no guidelines in the selection of the respondents

TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

3.Convenience sampling
A process of picking out the people in the most convenient and fastest way to immediately get their reactions to a certain hot and controversial issue Certainly biased and not representative

TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING

1.Pure random sampling ( unrestricted random sampling ) Every one in the population of the inquiry has an equal chance of being selected to be included in the sample Also called the lottery or raffle type sampling May be used if the population has no differentiated levels, sections, or classes Difficult to use with too large a population

TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING

2.Systematic sampling Every nth name in a list may be selected to be included in a sample Used when the subjects or respondents in the study are arrayed or arranged in some systematic or logical manner ( alphabetical, residential, geographical, etc. ) E.g., suppose 20% of the population is the samples size, if 100% is divided by 20%, the answer is 5; hence, every 5th name in the list or array is selected.

TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING

3.Stratified random sampling Process of selecting randomly, samples from the different strata of the population used in the study Used when the population has class stratifications or groupings ( sections, gender, college courses, age, levels, economic status )

STEPS IN COMPUTING THE SIZE OF A POPULATION 1. Determine the size of the study population. 2. Decide on the margin of error. As much as possible, the margin of error should not be higher than 5%. Probably, 3% is an ideal one. 3. Use the formula n= N 1 + Ne2 in which n = the size of the sample N = the size of the population e = the margin of error

4. If the sample is multistage or if the population is stratified, compute the sample proportion (percent) by dividing the result in Step No. 3 by the population 5. Multiply the number of sampling units in each final sampling stratum by the rate ( percent ) to find the sample from each final sampling stratum.

6. Add the samples from all the final sampling strata to find the total sample.

EXAMPLE:

Suppose an investigation of the teaching of science in the high schools of a region is to be conducted, in which the science teachers are to be made respondents. There are 2243 teachers handling biological sciences, 1406 handling chemical sciences, and 992 teachers handling physical sciences, a total of 4641 teachers.

Step 1. The population is 4,641 Step 2. The margin of error to be used is 3% Step 3. Using the formula n= 4641 1 + 4641(.03)2 4641 1 + 4641(.0009) 4641 1+ 4.1769

4641 5.1769
896.4825 ( This may be rounded to 900 for convenience. ) This is the sample.

Step 5 and 6 Teachers handling

Biological Sciences Chemical Sciences Physical Sciences

Number %
2243 1406 992 20 20 20

Sample
449 281 198

TOTAL

4641

928

The total sample is 928.