Structure of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

Review of Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

Nucleus vs nucleoid DNA : circular vs linear, presence of histones Membranous organelles Cell wall-peptidoglycan Cell division: binary vs mitosis Ribosomes: 70S vs 80S Cytoskeleton

Shape
Cocci
Diplococci Streptococci Tetrads Sarcinae Staphylococci

Bacillus
Coccobacilli Diplobacilli Streptobacilli

Spiral
Vibrio-curved rods Spirilla-helical & rigid Spirochetes-helical & flexible

Other shapes Pleomorphic

Glycocalyx
Glycolipids or glycoproteins Surrounds cell Capsule or slime layer Capsule more organized & attached to wall Advantages of capsule

Slime Layer(Biofilm)
Surrounds cell Loosely organized & not attached Tangled mass of fibers-dextran Attachment to surfaces -S. mutans Shields bacteria from immune defense & antibiotics

Glycocalyx -Eukaryotes
Animal cells have one Made of carbohydrates No do not have a cell wall Surround plasma membrane Stabilizes PM

Flagella
Movement
Spins like propeller Clockwise or counter clockwise

Chemotaxis- movement toward or away

Arrangements
Monotrichous: one at end Amphitrichous: both ends Lophotrichous: tuft at end or ends Peritrichous: around the cell

Structure
Composition-protein subunits: flagellin (H protein) E. coli H7
Chains twisted together with hollow core Helical shaped Filament, hook, basal body Hook Basal body:

Flagella
Basal body Classified by flagella protein

Axial Filament
Spirochetes
Treponema pallidum-syphilis Borrelia burgdorferi-Lyme disease

Bundle of fibrials within a sheath Corkscrew motion

Movement Eukaryotes
Flagella & cilia

9+2 arrangement of microtubules Cilia in Paramecium & respiratory cells

Prokaryote Fimbriae & Pili

Made of pilin: string of subunits Function: attachment Few to hundreds Fimbrae Pili-longer & fewer Not in eukaryotes

Cell Wall
Function

Basis of Gram stain

Composition
Peptidoglycan
Repeating subunits of disaccharides
N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM) Linked alternately in rows

Attached by polypeptides
Tetrapeptide side chains link NAM subunits Cross bridge of amino acids link tetrapeptides

Forms lattice

Peptidoglycan
Confers shape & prevents lysis Cell growth
Autolysins break cross linkages in peptidoglycan Transpeptidases seal breaks Penicillin inactivates these enzymes

Existing cells
Treat with lysozyme-tears, saliva etc. Destroys linkages between carbohydrates

Gram Positive Cell Wall

Thick layers: 40-80% of dry wt, up to 30 layers Contains teichoic acid
Alcohol and phosphate Negative charge Cell growth-prevents lysis Antigenic properties

Gram Negative Cell Wall

Few layers of peptidoglycan- 10% Outer membrane: bilayer

Periplasm

LPS
Strong negative charge Barrier to some antibiotics Outer membrane-endotoxin
O polysaccharides Lipid-lipid A

Gram Stain
Differential stain dev by Hans Gram 1880s
Classifies bacteria into 2 groups Based upon cell wall composition Gram variable stain unevenly

Gram non reactive do not stain or stain poorly

Comparison
Gram positives

Gram Negatives
ETOH disrupts outer layer CV-I complex is washed out of thin peptidoglycan layer Counterstain

Atypical Cell Walls

Streptococci Mycobacteria Mycoplasma
PM unique with sterols protect from lysis

Mycoplasma
Lack a cell wall so pleomorphic Classified with gram positives Smallest genome of any bacteria

Droplet spread-use regular mask Why cant you use penicillin?

Cell wall of Eukaryotes

Simpler than prokaryotes Algae & plants Fungi Yeasts Protozoa

Animals

Plasma Membrane
Thin, fluid structure inside cell wall-viscous Proteins

Phospholipids-2 layers

Functions of Membrane
Selective permeability Passive transport: Active transport: Enzymes break down nutrients Infoldings

Plasma Membrane of Eukaryotes

Phospholipids and proteins Carbohydrates and sterols-cholesterol More rigid than prokaryotic PM Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Cytoplasm of Prokaryotes
80% water, thick, solutes Increase in osmotic pressure on membrane
Rigid cell wall prevents lysis

Contains DNA Ribosomes Inclusion bodies

Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes
Cytosol-fluid portion Cytoskelton
Microfilaments: Microtubules: Intermediate filaments:

Cytoplasmic streaming

Ribosomes
2 subunits of protein and rRNA 70s ribosomes Polyribosomes-chains Protein synthesis

Eukayotes-80s

Inclusions
Polysaccharide granules Sulfur granules Reserve deposits-volutin (phosphates)

Endospores
Unique to bacteria: Clostridium & Bacillus Sporulation-formation of spores

Germination
Triggered by damage to coat Enzymes break down endospore Water enters & metabolism begins Not a reproductive structure

Nuclear Area of Bacteria

Single, ds DNA chromosome Attached to PM at some point Nucleoid area, not a nucleus Plasmids

Nucleus
Largest structure in cell
Nucleoli

DNA associated with proteins -histones

Organelles in Eukaryotes
Unique to eukaryotes Membranous structures
Endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth & rough

Golgi complex Lysosomes Mitochondria Cloroplasts

ER
Flattened membranous sacs Rough ER-ribosomes attached

Smooth ER- no ribosomes

Free ribosomes- proteins dont need processing

Golgi Complex
Stacks of membranous sacs Receive transport vesicles from ER Modify molecules to form glycoproteins, glycolipids lipoproteins Transported in secretory vesicles to PM or to outside cell

Lysosomes
Formed from Golgi
Contain digestive enzymes: proteases & nucleases Break down old parts of cell Breaks down pathogens

Mitochondria
Double membrane

Generation of ATP

Chloroplasts
Thylakoids-flattened membranous sacs

Contain DNA 70s ribosomes Stroma thick fluid in center- Calvin cycle Generation of ATP & sugars