The Gaseous State of Matter

General Properties
The least dense and most mobile state of matter Molecules move at very high velocities; thus have high kinetic energy. Mixtures are uniformly distributed within the container they are confined

Behavior of Gases
Any form of matter exists under suitable conditions of temperature, pressure and volume. The effect of these three factors is quite obvious in gases.

Behavior of Gases
Under the same sets of conditions, behavior of gases can be explained by the Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT).

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Studies begun in the 17th century by Robert Boyle

Kinetic Molecular Theory

All gases are made up of submicroscopic (tiny), particles called molecules. These molecules are very small in relation to the distances between them.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Gas molecules have no attraction for one another. These molecules are in constant random motion causing them to collide with one another and the walls of the container.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

The collisions of molecules are perfectly elastic. No energy is lost by the collision of gas molecules with another or with the walls of the container. The average KE of molecules varies directly with the Kelvin temperature.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

The type of gas behaving according to the kinetic molecular theory (KMT) is called an ideal or perfect gas.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

No ideal gases exist, but under certain conditions of P and T, real gases approach ideal behavior, or at least show only small deviations from it.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Under extreme conditions, such as very high P and low T, real gases deviate greatly from ideal behavior.

Note
All gases have the same KE at the same temperature, thus; lighter molecules have greater velocities than the heavier ones.

Diffusion
The ability of two or more gases to mix spontaneously until they form a uniform mixture. Because of the molecular motion of gases.

Effusion
The process by which gas molecules pass through a very small orifice from a container at higher pressure to one at lower pressure.

Grahams Law of Effusion

Thomas Graham was able to observed the rate of effusion was dependent on the density of a gas.

Grahams Law of Effusion

r1 r2

MW2 MW1

Pressure
Pressure is defined as a force that is exerted per unit of area. This is obtained by dividing the force by the area on which the force acts.

Pressure
The atmosphere exerts pressure on the earth known as atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure is approximately 1 atmosphere, but varies with elevation or altitude.

Conversion of Pressure
1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 76 cm Hg = 14.7 lbs/in2 = 760 Torr = 101,325 Pa = 101.325 KPa 1 Torr = 1 mm Hg 1 Pa = 1 N/m

Temperature
Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. To measure, temperature, thermometers are used. Three temperature scales are currently in use.

Temperature

Temperature
Molecules of matter when heated move faster but when cooled, the particles move slower and slower until, theoretically all motion stops. The lowest possible hypothetical T at which V is zero is -273.15C (all molecules will stop moving.)

Equations for Conversion

100 C C F - 32 180 F

or

5C C F - 32 9F

180 F F C + 32 100 C

or

9 F F C + 32 5C

K = C + 273.15

Volume
Volume maybe described as the space that a specific substance occupies. Several units of volume maybe used such as liter (L), milliliters (mL), cubic centimeter (cm), cubic meter (m), etc.

Properties of Gases
Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers. Gases have low densities. Gases are able to exert pressure. Gases diffuse rapidly. Gases expand when heated. Gases are the most compressible of the states of matter.

Boyles Law
The volume of a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to its pressure when its temperature is kept constant. The Pressure of the gas Varies Inversely with Volume at Constant Temperature. Robert Boyle

In Equation

1 V P

Boyles Law
The heart of Boyles Law is the experimental fact that the product of pressure and volume is constant. This can be expressed in the following form, which is easier to use in calculations. The subscripts 1 and 2 rearranging,

P1V1 = P2V2

Charles Law
The volume of a given amount of gas held at constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute (Kelvin) temperature. The Absolute Temperature (Kelvin) of the gas varies proportionally with volume at constant pressure. Jacques Charles

In Equation
V T

V1 V2 = T1 T2

Gay Lussacs Law

The pressure of a fixed amount of gas is directly relationship proportional to the absolute temperature (Kelvin) only when its volume is held constant. French scientists Jacques Charles and Joseph Gay Lussac,

In Equation
P T
P1 T1 P2 = T2

STP Condition
Under STP,
pressure is fixed at 1 atm temperature at 0 0C or 273.15 K volume of 1 mole of a gas is constant at 22.4 L called the standard molar volume.

Combined Gas Law

The volume of a fixed amount of a gas is directly proportional to the ratio of its absolute temperature and its pressure.

In Equation
T V P

P1V1 P2 V2 = T1 T2

Avogadros Principle
The volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas present at constant pressure and temperature

V n

Summary of Gas Laws

Boyle's Law: V 1/P (constant n & T) Charles' Law: V T (constant n & P) Avogadro's Law: V n (constant P & T)

nT P

Ideal Gas Equation

nT V = R P

PV = nRT

Universal Gas Constant, R

atm - L R = 0.08205 mol - K mmHg - L = 62.36 mol - K torr - mL = 62,358.97 mol - K atm - mL 82.05 mol - K

Gas Stoichiometry
Stoichometry problems involving moles and masses were discussed in the previous chapter. There is also a relationship between volumes and amounts of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation. The flow chart suggests the basic tools for solving problems involving gases.

Mass-Volume Relationship
The balanced equation for the metabolic breakdown of glucose (C6H12O6) is similar as that for the combustion of glucose in air. This equation maybe written as: C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2(g) 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O(l) Calculate the volume of CO2 produced at 40C and 760 torr when 6.50 g of glucose is used up in the reaction.

Volume-Volume Relationship
Ammonia gas, NH3, may be prepared by the Haber Process. In this process for the synthesis of ammonia,

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

how many liters of N2 are needed to react completely with 50.0 L of H2, if the volumes of both gases are measured at STP?

Air Pollution
Global Warming Ozone Depletion