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Skipping Chapter 4 (were a bit behind) and moving Click to edit Master subtitle style to Chapter 5 (There will be NO Chapter 4 on the test)

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End of Chapter 3

A bit more about cancer and cell division

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How can a lack of communication between cells lead to cancer?

q

Contact inhibition normal cells stop dividing when they bump up against each other. Tumors a mass of cells that suck up the bodys energy.

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A large SINGLE cancer cell removed from a persons chest

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3.19 The cell wall provides additional protection and support for plant cells

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3.20 Vacuoles: multipurpose storage sacs for cells

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3.21 Chloroplasts: the plant cells power plant

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Chapter 5: DNA, Gene Expression, and Biotechnology

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What is the code and how is it harnessed?

Lectures by Mark Manteuffel, St. Louis Community College; Clicker Questions by Kristen Curran, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

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5.1 The DNA 200

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Knowledge about DNA is increasing justice in the world.

What is the most common reason why DNA analyses overturn incorrect criminal convictions?

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The Age of the Gene

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The DNA molecule contains instructions for the development and functioning of all living organisms.
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(1900s 1950s) Two Important Features of DNA

(1) DNA contains the instructions on how to create a body and control its growth and development. (2) The instructions encoded in the DNA molecule are passed down from parent to offspring.
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DNA Double Helix

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4/14/12 Nucleic acids and nucleotides

Genes are sections of DNA that contain instructions for making proteins.
Why is DNA considered the universal code for all life on earth? Click to edit Master subtitle style

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The number of chromosomes varies from species to species.

q

Corn has 10 unique chromosomes. Fruit flies have only four. Dogs and chickens have 39 different chromosomes. Goldfish have 47 chromosomes.

q Individuals in each of these species inherit one 4/14/12 of each chromosome from each parent. copy

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Not all DNA contains instructions for making proteins.

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An onion has five times as much DNA as a human.

Why doesnt that make them more complex than us?

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The Proportion of the DNA That Codes for Genes

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How do genes work?

An overview

Just as having a recipe for chocolate chip cookies is not the same thing as having the actual cookies

Think about it: every cell contains all of the information Click to edit Master subtitle style needed to manufacture every protein in the body.
This means that the skin cells on your arm contain the genes for producing liver cells and red blood cells and muscle tissuebut they dont.

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Genotype

all of the genes contained in an organism

Phenotype

the physical manifestations of the instructions

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5.6 Transcription: reading the information coded in DNA

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5.7 Translation: using information from DNA to build usable molecules

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Several ingredients must be present in the cytoplasm for translation to occur.

q

Free amino acids Ribosomal units Transfer RNA

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Causes and effects of mutation

q

Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA

can lead to changes in the structure and function of the proteins produced can have a range of effects

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Mutations
q

Bad reputation Tend to be disruptive Very, very rare

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