Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
A N K Prasanna Anjaneyulu
Contents
Introduction Software
Functions Software Categories Data Processing Data Transmission Computer Network IT Enabled Services
Introduction
Set
of Instructions Routine Complete set of instructions Program Instructions that direct the operation of the hardware Software
Software Functions
Manage
the Computer Resources of organization Provide tools for human beings to take advantage of these resources Act as an intermediary between organizations and stored information
Software Categories
System
Software
Application
Software
Data Processing
Data
processing Processing
Real-time Processing
System
Verification of Data and processing is immediate
Distributed
Processing
Data Transmission
Data
Transmission Signals
Analog
Signal
Amplitude (Strength of Signal) Phase (Direction of flow of the signal in a cycle time) Frequency (no. of times the wave form is repeated during a specific interval)
Digital
Signal
Communication Channels
Physical
Connection Lines
Wave Lines
speed Modes
Synchronous Asynchronou
Transmission
Direction
Communication
Processor
Computer Network
A
Computer Network consists of two or more autonomous computers that are linked/connected together in order to
Share Resources Share Applications Allows Electronic Communication Increase Productivity
Data Communication
Communication
means sharing of Information. It may be Local or Remote Communication Data Communication is the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium Data Communication made up of five components
Message Sender Receiver Medium Protocol
Classification of Networks
Categories
of Networks
Local Area Network (LAN) Metro Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) internet
Networks
Point-to-Point
Network Topology
Topology
Bus Topology all devices are connected to a central cable, called bus. Each workstation connects to next workstation in a point-to-point fashion Advantages
Installation is easy Less cabling required Connections are simple
Disadvantages
Used only in small networks Single fault in cable stops all transmission Fault Identification is difficult
Topology uses a central hub through which, all computers are connected. Nodes communicate across the network by passing data through the hub. Advantages
Faults in the networks can be easily traced Single computer failure does not affect network Installation and configuration is easy Failure in the central hub brings entire network to a halt More cabling is required in comparison to tree or bus topology because each node is connected to the central hub
Disadvantages
Ring Topology all devices are connected to one another in the shape of a closed loop Advantages
Disadvantages
Easy to install and modify the network Fault isolation is simplified Adding or removing computers disrupts the entire network A break in the ring can stop the transmission in the entire network Expensive when compared to other topologies Finding fault is difficult
Tree topology is a LAN topology in which only one route exists between any two nodes in the network. Tree topology is hybrid topology, similar to the star topology but the nodes are connected to secondary hub Advantages
Installation and configuration is easy Faults in the network can be detected and traced Addition of secondary hub allows more devices to be attached to the central hub Failure in the central hub brings the entire network to a halt
Disadvantages
are connected with many redundant interconnections between network nodes. Advantages
Use of dedicated links eliminates traffic problems Failure in one of the computers does not affect the entire network Privacy between computers is maintained as messages travel along dedicated path
Disadvantages
Applications of Networks
Marketing and Sales Financial Services Manufacturing Electronic Messaging Directory Services Information Services Electronic Interchange Teleconferencing Cellular Phones Cable Television
IT Enabled Services
Business
Mgmt. Call Centres Medical Transcription Legal Databases (Judicial System) Digital Content Development Geographic/Global Information System (GIS)