Simple stress and strains

stresses

Stress : It is the internal resistance which the body offers when an external force is applied on the body.

Stress will be express in N/m2. This unit is called Pascal (Pa).

Types of stresses

Types of stresses
Simple stress or direct stress Longitudinal Stress

Tension Compression Shear Stress

Indirect stress

Bending Torsion Combined stress: Any possible combination of direct and indirect stress.

Strain: - Strain is the geometric quantity that measures the deformation of a body. It is measured as the rate of change of dimension occurred in a body due to application of external loads.

Types of strain

Tensile strain( ): The elongation per unit length as shown in the figure is known as tensile strain. The change in length per unit length (dimensionless) is known as strain.

Volumetric strain ( ): It is the ratio between change in volume to the original volume of the body =
=dv/v

Where = engineering strain

Hookes law: It states that stress is directly proportional strain within limit of proportionality.

This constant is called as modulus of elasticity.

Youngs modulus(E) : ratio between tensile stress and tensile strain or compressive stress and compressive strain. E=

Modulus of rigidity (C or N or G): ratio of shear stress to shear strain

Bulk or volume modulus of elasticity(K) : ratio of normal stress (on each face of a solid cube) to volumetric strain.

Stress- Strain Diagram

Point A is called limit of proportionality. Upto this point stress is directly proportional to strain and follows hooks law. Point B is the elastic limit. Stress corresponding to this point is the maximum stress to which a specimen regains its original length on removal of applied load. For mild steel B is very closer to A hence hooks law is followed upto B but for other materials B may be greater than A. Point C( not shown in fig.) is the upper yield point. It has no practical significance. Point C is lower yield point. The stress at C is the yield stress (y) or the lower yield point. The yielding begins at this stress and the material enters into plastic state. CD represents strain hardening D is the ultimate point. The stress corresponding to this point is called ultimate stress(ut or y ). This is maximum stress upto which the material can with stand without fracture. E is the fracture point . Stress corresponding this is called breaking stress and strain is called fracture strain. Region between D and E is the necking region, in which the area of cross section is drastically decreased.

Thermal stress and strain

Thermal stress Thermal strain